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Vol. 1. No. 1, 1996
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THE GOSPEL
AND
THEOLOGY
Institute of Theological Studies, PYONGTAEK UNIVERSITY, KOREA |
º¹À½°ú ½ÅÇÐ Á¦1±Ç 1Áý(Åë±Ç Á¦1È£) ¡¤1996³â/Ⱓȣ |
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¢Â ³í¼³ : ½ÅÇÐÀÇ »ç¸í -------------------- À̱¤Èñ/ 5
¢Á The Gospel of the Incarnation and
Its Meaning for Salvation ------ Jong Hyuk Kim/ 7
¢Á Ä®ºóÀÇ ±¸¿ø·Ð¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¼ºÈÀÇ À§Ä¡:
±âµ¶±³ °¿ä¸¦ Áß½ÉÇÏ¿© ---------------------- À¯Á¤¿ì/ 25
¢Á 1453³â ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃ
¼èÅðÀÇ ¿øÀΰú ¹è°æ -------------------- Áֽ¹Î/ 49
¢Á Toward a Renewal of
Korean Church Worship(¥°) ---------- Kwang Hee Lee/ 78
¢Á A Sociological View of
Paul's Conversion ------------ Sung Kook Hong/113
¢Á ½Çõ½ÅÇÐÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º» ºó¾ßµå¿îµ¿ ------- À̱¤Èñ/139
¢ÁÇö´ë »çȸ¿Í ¼º°á ¿îµ¿:
Çö´ë ±³È¸ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î Ãâ¾Ö±Á --------------- È«¼º±¹/162
THE GOSPEL AND THEOLOGY, Vol. 1. No. 1, 1996 |
CONTENTS
Editorial : What is the direction of
The Gospel and Theology? --------- Kwang Hee Lee/ 5
The Gospel of the Incarnation and
Its Meaning for Salvation ------- Jong Hyuk Kim/ 7
The Concept of Sanctification in Calvin's Soteriology
---------------------------------- Joung Woo Yoo/ 25
The Background of the Fall of
Cnstantinople in 1453 ----------- Seung Min Joo/ 49
Toward a Renewal of
Korean Church Worship (¥°) -------- Kwang Hee Lee/ 78
A Sociological View of
Paul's Conversion ------------ Sung Kook Hong/113
An Evaluation of the Vineyard Movement from the
Perspective of Practical Theology - Kwang Hee Lee/139
The Modernity and the Holiness Movement: a New
Exodus of the Modern Church --- Sung Kook Hong/162
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À̿Ͱ°Àº º» ÁöÀÇ Ã¢°£¸ñÀûÀÌ ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ¾à¼ÓÇϽг¯±îÁö À̾îÁö±â¸¦ ±âµµÇÑ´Ù.
The Gospel of the Incarnation and
Its Meaning for Salvation
Jong Hyuk Kim
<Systematic Theology>
I
The doctrine of the person of Christ and of the work of Christ are really inseparable because these are aspects of the church's single confession. So when we consider the doctrine of Christ's work, we speak of this in connection with the theme of the incarnation.
In the new Testament we find many relevant passages. God "reconciled us to himself through Christ" (II Cor. 5:18). Jesus "has appeared once for all at the end of the age to put away sin by the sacrifice of himself" (Heb. 9:26). "The Father has sent his Son as the Savior of the world" (I John 4:14).
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us in Christ with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places, even as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him. He destined us in love to be his sons through Jesus Christ, according to the purpose of his will, to the praise of his glorious grace which he freely bestowed on us in the Beloved. In him we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of his grace which he lavished upon us. For he has made known to us in all wisdom and insight the mystery of his will, according to his purpose which he set forth in Christ as a plan for the fulness of time, to unite all things in him, things in heaven and things on earth" (Ephesians 1:1-9).
From these passages of the epistles we can see the purpose of the incarnation is not only for salvation of men from sin but also for revealing to us in all wisdom and insight and to unite all things in him in cosmic fashion.
II
Some of the early Greek fathers had a dominant interest in the incarnational theology. This Eastern theological interest corresponds to "a specific view of the human predicament." Man's necessity of salvation is seen, "not so much in his sin, as rather in the corruption incidentical to sin. This corruption pertains to man's nature, and it is manifast in his liability to death."
Thus for the Eastern theology, the corruption of nature was rooted in sin, they looked to the gospel for salvation of the whole man by restoring of his corrupted nature and not merely the forgiveness of his guilt. It is "this concern which underlines the preoccupation of the ancient church with the doctrine of the incarnation."
In Western theology, it is the death that atones, and Anselm, who inaugurated the Western debate on the atonement. They saw "the death of Christ as an act directed toward God in order to procure forgiveness from him." The classical Christology declared Christ to be "true God" and "true man." For the divinity of Christ, the early Church must explain more than these brief expression to protect the foundation of the faith. And for this the Council of Nicea condamned Arianism and declared that Christ as Son of God is divine as the trinitarian sense of the same substance, "coessential or one in being with the Father."
When the church declared that Christ is also "true man," it meant that Christ became a human being in the true sense of the Word. But the church went further than this. The church rests the ground of its assertion of true humanity of Christ "on the view of that in becoming man Christ entered into an ontological relation with the whole race of men." Had not the church been concerned only to assert that Christ was a man, his relation to man could have been expressed in "simlar in being." But the Council of Chalcedon went farther than this. The council reaffirmed the definitions of Nicea and "the same homo-ousios with us as to his manhood." By the use of this term the council meant more than that Christ was a man like other man; it meant that, "just as it was true to say that 'God was in Christ,' so also there is a sense in which it could be said that 'man was in Christ."
The idea of Chalcedonian definition of manhood of Christ is "that of an ontological relation with mankind into which Christ entered by his incarnation and which forms the precondition of his atoning work. The gospel is the message of something done by Christ for us." From forgoing development we can deduce that, for the ancient church, "the vicarious character of the work of Christ could not rest solely upon our subjective appropriation of it, but must have some prior, objective ground, and they sought this in the idea of an ontological relation between the incarnate Christ and human nature as a whole."
Athanasius is one of fathers who developed the idea of soteriological significance in the Incarnation of the Word of God. In it he expounds how God the Word, the Creator logos, by his union with manhood, restored to fallen man the image of God in which he had been first created by his death and resurrection and he defeated death, the consequence of sin.
Hendry points following very important four points about the incarnation from Athanasius passage:
1. The assumption of a mortal body is the necessary condition of the experience of death by incarnate Word.
2. The presence of the indwelling Word renders the death of the one body he assumed an equivalent for the death of all.
3. The presence of the indwelling Word, who is immortal and incorruptible, renders the body he assumed immune from corruption.
4. There is a relation between the incarnate Word and us, through which the incorruption achieved by him is communicated to us.
Thus, for Athanasius "our salvation is established by being linking together of "human nature and the devine in Christ." Therefore, the father's insistence was that "the saving work of Christ has an objective reality prior to its subjective appropriation by us. But their significant thought is the closeness of the relation they were able to establish between the objective and the subjective by their use of the conception of universal humanity. By their interpretation of the incarnation as the assumption of an ontological relation with mankind, they were able to take the position that the work of Christ for man was done in man prior to its appropreation by man and thus to establish an objective ground for the work of Christ in its vicarious character."
However, the doctrine of the humanity of Christ has been understood Western theology in a different sense from that of the definition of Chalcedon. Anselm in his Why God became man explains his redemption in Christ that
man's sin is an affront to God's honor; God's justice requires man's satisfaction for the offence given; but man already owes God total obedience and cannot ever make up for his disobedience; God could cancel man's debt but this would contravene his justice; man must atone for his own sin but he cannot; God can but he must not; hence the God-man(Jesus Christ) as man lives the life and dies the death of perfect obedience and as God satisfies the requirement of justice; a reward is owing to the God-man for his perfect satisfection, but since he needs nothing, the reward is transferred to sinful mankind; thus God's honor is restored, man's sin is forgiven, and atonement through the God-man is achieved.
From this passage we can see that "satisfaction is a personal responsibility." The relation of Christ to mankind is "no different from that of other members of the race; there is no ontological (objective) ground for the vicarious of his saving work." It is "only by a special act of grace on the part of the God-man."
Thomas Aquinas goes deeper than Anselm and rejects the patristic doctrine on philasophical ground. Aquinas' points are "the Word assumed human nature, not in the universal but in the individual." Aquinas explains that "the Son of God became incarnate as the common savior of all men, not by community of species, such as belongs to a nature distinct from individuals, but by community of cause, inasmuch as the Son of God became incarnate for the sake of universal human salvation." Aquinas finds the answer for the universal scope of the vicarious intention "in the doctrine of the grace given to Christ as head of the church." The positive role of the humanity of Christ plays no decisive part for the basis for the bicarious efficacy of the work of Christ; for it is by the power of the divinity that his actions were salutary for us." His view of the solidarity of Christ with men is ecclesiological rather than ontological. For Aquinas, the grace which "Christ has as head of the church is sufficiently powerful to be him the head of all men." He stresses that "unbelievers, although not of the church, are nevertheless of the church potentially. This potentiality is ground on two things: (1) the power of Christ, which is sufficient for the salvation of the entire human race, and (2) freedom of the will."
Calvin attached the significance to Christ's consubstantiality with man and he thought incarnation is "an essential precondition of his mediatorial work, and its universal aspect." For Calvin, "it was necessary that the Son of God should became Immanuel (God with us) for this reason that there might be a mutual union and coalition between his divinity and the nature of man." It is by this unity of nature he was entitled to act in place of man and render to God that which was required. The union of which Calvin speaks is based on the gifts of the Holy Spirit and "the Holy Spirit is the bond by which Christ unites us to himself." Calvin insisted that Christ accomplished for us becomes ours only by "imputation."
The notion of the consubstantiality of Christ with mankind formed the fervent in Christology, which was set in motion by rationalist criticism in eighteenth century, took place in the vacuum resulting from the disappearance of the notion from the European mind. The distinctive feature of the rationalist critique of religion was the sharp distinction it drew between the rational and historical.
Much effort were given to reunite the principle of Christianity with the person of Christ and to recover for the person of Christ a significance as universal as the principle of faith.
Hegel sought to carry forward the rationalization of religion that had begun by Kant. Hegel was more positive to the Christianity than that of Kant. Kant's conception of religion was virtually equivalent to ethics. Hegel gave the historical person of Christ a central place in his system. To him the meaning of the Christian doctrines of the God-man and the atonement is "the ultimate truth is the identity of the absolute(God) and the finite spirit(man)." The historical fact of Christ has then a symbolic significance and its meaning is found, not in itself, but in the larger idea to which it points.
According to Schleiermacher the Christian-religious experience is a "unique enhancement of our consciousness of God." For him the consciousness of God and the absence of sin in Jesus were of such a perfection and potency as to constitute "a veritable being of God in him." On this account Jesus is "the archetype, i.e. the pattern that has the power of reproducing itself in others." It is by this concept that Schleiermacher attempts to unite the universal principle with the historical person. The nineteenth century was marked by a decided turning away from legal to ethical categories and the theology tended to throw into relief the problem of the unversal scope of the atonement.
In nineteenth century Mcleod Campbell developed a conception of the content "of the atoning sacrifice that Christ offered to the Father for the sins of men." He rejected to the accepted theory of Christ's suffering as atoning sacrifice because it failed to show suffering as atoning virtue. For him the atoning virtue "must be sought, not in the suffering as such, but in the mind and attitude that lay behind them." Thus, the suffering of Christ are "the expression of the mind of God upon the sins of men on the one hand, and the human reponse of a perfect confession of sin and a perfect repentance for sin on the other." If the principle of individual responsibility is absolutized, then the vicarious action is not only impossible, but the very idea of it is unethical. It is this difficulty that various attempts have been made to rehabilitate the classical doctrine of the incarnation.
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth theologians questioned the adequacy of the terms in which it is formulated in the Chalcedonian definition. H. R. Mackintosh and P. T. Forsyth stressed "ethical categories in the restatement of Christology." Both were using it in a broad sense and approached the the Christological problem that were "not merely from the stand point of the ontological constitution of the person of Christ, his incarnate life and work, his death and resurrection." The influence of the rediscovery of the Jesus of history is clear. Mackintosh expressed that some difficulties of Christology were due to the narrow perspective and he pleaded for a "restatement of Christology in personal and spiritual terms."
P. T. Forsyth explains "at a time when the theology of redemption was apt to be conceived in terms of substance rather than subject, of metaphisical rather than ethic . . . . But we have come to a time in the growth of Christian moral culture when personal relations and movements count for more . . ." This outcome of the application of the dynamic categories to the problem was the proposal to interprete the incarnation as developing process. The defenders of the idea stressed that "the growth of Christ was growth in God-manhood rather than growth to God-manhood" and it was not viewed "as a movement from desire to fulfillment, or from imperfection to perfection, but rather as movement from potentiality to actuality." With the view of the progressive incarnation they presented "a view of the incarnation as having its reality in the process as a whole" and they interpreted it "in the dynamic category of becoming."
Notable support for this view has come from Karl Barth. Barth brings the person of Christ into integral relationship with his work," and he seeks "to combine the doctrine of the two natures (the divine and the human) with the doctrine of the two states of humiliation and exaltation, each of which must be interpreted in the light of the other." Barth claims this method of approach is "without being untrue to the classical Christology" and it corresponds much more closely to the testimony of the New Testament. Barth notes the sequence of the contrasted phases (such as the more people reject him, the more Jesus accepts them etc.) in the life of the Jesus and sees in it "the exchange of responsibility for sin which is central to the penal-substitutionary view of the atonement." For Barth, "the characteristic phase is that Jesus comes as the herald of judgment of Israel and the whole world of men." And also in the fulfillment of the judgment, "the judgment falls, not upon guilty Israel and the world, but upon the one innocent man in their midst; the judge himself steps into the place of the judged and assumes the responsibility for their sin." But his interpretation has "no firm support in the recorded words of Jesus himself for the view that he took upon himself the responsibility for the sin of men and the judgment he bore is the judgment he brought."
III
I have tried to review briefly some of the statements of the doctrines of incarnation by the early church fathers and later theologians because the relation between the humanity of Christ and men, which forms the basis of his salvation work. It is "an exchange between unrelieved liability of men to the judgment of God and access to the forgiveness of God through the man in whom it is personally present. The Son of Man comes as the judgment of God on the sin of men is effected by forgiveness. The Son of Man comes as the bearer of this forgiveness; he comes to dispense it to men by relating himself to them, by being 'the man for other man.' And it is theirs as they receive it at his hands, by becoming related to him. He is the man for God, and he is the Son of Man who imparts God completely to men. He is the center through whom both the inexorable demands of the righteousness of God and the inexpressible grace of his forgiveness are disseminated through mankind. It was to be this center of humanity that he became incarnate as the Son of Man."
Earlier christian writers sought to explain for the place of Jesus in the history of humanity. The Pauline ideas about the first and second Adam and about the relation of Jesus appearance to the era of the law and to God's promise to Abraham is an example. The entire theme of the christian proof from the Scripture is "concerned with demonstrating the place of Jesus, first in the history of Israel, then in human history generally. Jesus' history was understood as predicted in advance by the Words of Scripture." This means that Jesus' history is "not a chain of irrelevant accidents, but was anticipated in God's plan for history." God's plan for history directs attention to the significance of Jesus' appearance for humanity that all human history is ordered toward him. "There is one God, the Father from whom are all things and for who we are exist, and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things and through whom we exist" (I Cor. 8:6).
Pauline idea of the divine plan for history in the incarnation to Ephesians "climaxing in the appearance of Sonship in Jesus Christ." Before the foundation of the world, God elected christians to receive sonship through Jesus Christ (Eph. 1:4f). His eternal plan and decision "for the fulness of time" is to "unite all things in him, things in heaven and things on earth" (V. 10). The christians are elected in Jesus, in community with him "to extent that they consciously participate in the summation of the universe in him and in that this plan of God is revealed to them" (Vol. 9). This idea was contained in the Pauline conceptions of Jesus as the Son and as the New Adam for that matter actually Jesus is the last Adam. This idea now is extended along the lines of Rom. 8:19 to include the whole creation. Therefore, the destiny of man lies in these divine plan. Therefore, "human sin is the disturbing factor in creation; it is the obstacle, which disputs the covenant relation between God and man, and reconciliation, therefore, involves and removal of sin. Sin is the source of the destruction and death that threaten man, and reconciliation involves the stopping up of this source. Reconciliation must eliminate sin in its double character as rebellion against God and as the ground of man's doom."
The plain sense of the gospel of grace, as it is in the New Testament, "is that the object of the incarnation is to bring men into a personal relationship with God." It is "in the encounter of the establishment of a new relationship at the level of existence. It was the mission of Christ to the human agent of this purpose of God, and his whole life is the record of his fulfillment of it. By his life among men and for me he wrought salvation for them; salvation was not a result of something he did in dying a human death; it was the work of his life and his death to relate himself freely to men and them to himself; and this relation is the core and foundation of their salvation."
IV
If one is allowed to characterize today's society one can think of the following few features.
The impact of technological and economy -based civilization is so great, that the individual person is separated from his sensuous contacts with world at every stage of its reasoning. If civilization is to survive, "the gap between real life -the life of the experiencing and feeling individual- and the external world of technological advances should be bridged." Scientific progress just as much as scientific destruction, is a kind of explosion and threatens men's souls almost as much as it threatens their bodies. Unless we use the imagination human individuality will be subject to dininution as people become, in their external lives, ever more absorbed into the task of progress.
The growing numbers of individuals resulting from a falling death rate and increased longevity; the tapping of the environment for material, energy, and cultural use, primarily because of the growing use of science and technology; the rising expectation of all people to share in the use of the resources of the world; first time in human history we have world history rather regional history -all have combined to force man to the realization that he exists in a finite world. What is alarmingly portentous is that, because of the interrelatedness of nature, and man, no problem can be singled out and dealt with in isolation, and no problems are strictly local in nature.
Salvation, for Tillich, has a broader meaning, both in the original sense and for our present situation today. He derives his meaning from the Latin word, salfus, which means, "healing." He explains that "in this sense healing means reuniting that which is estranged giving a center to what is split between God and man, man and his world, man and himself." Tillich applies the term "salvation" to any act of healing; healing of sickness, of nations, or demonic posession. The whole of the world is diseased, Tillich stresses, so the drive for healing must take place in every dimension. "The multidimensional unity of life is most conspicous in the realm of health, disease, and healing." For Tillich salvation means salvation of the world, and not of humanbeings alone. And healing is meant for the whole person; not just his spirit, but his entire being -body, soul, and mind. Real healing occurs where the whole being is united with itself. The new creation is healing creation because it creats reunion with oneself. And it creates union with others. Tillich sees that healing and salvation are identical at the point where a personal center becomes integrated by its elevation to the divine center. This elevation of the personal center is received by faith and actuallized in love.
For Tillich, where there is the revelation of the New Being in Jesus as the Christ there is salvation. In Christ a New Being has appeared within the world process. "The doctrine of the atonement is the description of the effect of the New Being in Jesus as the Christ on those who are grasped on it in their state of estrangement."(II, 170) Tillich points to both sides of the atonement is always and at the same time a divine act and a human reaction. He speaks of the divine act as the removal of guilt which overcomes the estrangement between man and God. But this act must be met by a response from man in order to be effective. He maintains the subjective and objective elements of the atonement must be balanced. So God participates in our existence, and we respond.
These responses to the question about the predestination of Jesus for history build the bridge to the perception of the Lordship of Jesus over the cosmos, as we expressed in the formula of the creation of all things, not just "toward him," but also "through him."
Bibliography
Hendry, George S. The Gospel of Incarnation. Philadelphia: The Westminster press, 1958.
Kerr, Hugh T. Reading in Christian Thought. New York: Abingdon Press, 1966.
Pannenberg, W. Jesus-God and Man. Trans. by R. A. Wilson. Philadelphia, 1968.
Swanson, C. P. The Natural History of Man. Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Spender, S. The Adventures of the Mind (Second series). New York: Div. of Random House, 1959.
Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology I, II, III. University of Chicago Press, 1951, 1957, 1963.
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1.º¹À½ÀÇ ÃÑȷμÀÇ È¸°³¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼
Ä®ºóÀÇ [±âµ¶±³ °¿ä] Á¦ 3±ÇÀÇ Á¦¸ñÀº "±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀºÇý¸¦ ¹Þ´Â ±æ:¾î¶² À¯ÀÍÀÌ ¿À¸ç ¾î¶² È¿·ÂÀÌ µû¸£´Â °¡ ? "ÀÌ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ¿©±â¼ ±âµ¶·ÐÀûÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »ç¿ªÀÌ ¼º·ÉÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ¾î¶»°Ô ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÍÀÌ µÇ´Â°¡¸¦ ³íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â 'À¯ÀÍ'À̶õ ¸»°ú 'È¿·Â'À̶õ ¸»À» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. À̶§ È¿·ÂÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â È¿·ÂÀÌ´Ù.±×´Â 3°¡Áö·Î ÀÌ È¿·ÂÀ» ¼Ò°³Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº "ȸ°³","ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼" ±×¸®°í "»îÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦Àû ¼ºÈ"ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È¿·ÂÀÌ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ±¸¿øÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀºÇý¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ ¹ÏÀ½Àº ¼º·ÉÀÇ Á¦ÀÏ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ª»çÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ±âµ¶±³ °¿ä¸¦ ÀÐÀ» ¶§ ±× ¼ø¼°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¸¦ °£°úÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ±×ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ °¿ä Á¦ 3±Ç¿¡¼ '¼º·É'À» '¹ÏÀ½'¿¡ ¾Õ¼ ³íÀÇÇÏ°í ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ³íÀÇ¿¡¼ ȸ°³·Î ±× ³íÀǸ¦ ¿Å°Ü °£´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ³íÀǰ¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã Æ÷ÇÔ½Ãų µÎ°¡Áö ³íÀǴ ȸ°³¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼ÀÌ´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â º¹À½ÀÇ ³»¿ë Àüü°¡ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ È¸°³¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Áֽô µÎ°¡Áö ÀºÇý,°ð ȸ°³¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼´Â Áß»ý°ú ĪÀÇ·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ü°èÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏ¸é ½Å»ý°ú ÈÇØÀÌ´Ù.
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2.ȸ°³¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼
(1) ȸ°³ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ
±×´Â ȸ°³¸¦ Á¤ÀÇÇϱ⸦, "¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¶°³ª¼ Çϳª´Ô²²·Î ÇâÇϸç ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ¹þ¾î¹ö¸®°í »õ ¸¶À½À» ÀÔ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù." Áï ȸ°³´Â "¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» Çϳª´Ô ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÀüÇâÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀε¥ ¼ø¼öÇÏ°Ô ¶Ç ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ±×¸¦ µÎ·Á¿öÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀϾ´Â ÀüÇâÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ȸ°³¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼Ò´Â À°ÀÇ Á×ÀÓ°ú ¿µÀÇ »ì¸²ÀÌ´Ù."
Ä®ºóÀº ´õ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ȸ°³ÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ 3°¡Áö·Î ºÎ¿¬Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.ù°,Çϳª´Ô²²·Î »îÀ» ÀüÇâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ ¶§ÀÇ ÀüÇâÀº ¿Ü¸éÀû ÇàÀ§ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿µÈ¥ ÀÚüÀÇ º¯È¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ÀüÇâÀÌ´Ù. µÑ°, ȸ°³´Â Çϳª´ÔÀ» ÂüÀ¸·Î µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ´Â µ¥¼ »ý±ä´Ù. ÁËÀÎÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ½ÉÆÇÀ» »ý°¢Çϰí Á¤½ÅÀ» Â÷·Á¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼Â°, ȸ°³´Â À°À» Á×ÀÌ°í ¿µÀ» »ì¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Á×ÀÓ°ú »ì¸²ÀÌ È¸°³ÀÇ ±¸¼º ¿ä¼ÒÀε¥ ¿¾ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á×´Â °æÇèÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ¿¬ÇÕÀ¸·Î ÀϾÙ. Áï ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡ Âü¿©´Â ¿¾»ç¶÷ÀÇ ²÷ÀÓ ¾ø´Â Á×À½ (·Ò6:6)À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ºÎȰ¿¡ Âü¿©´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀǸ¦ ÂÑ´Â »õ·Î¿î »îÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼ Ä®ºóÀº ȸ°³¸¦ ÇѸ¶µð·Î Áß»ýÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Áß»ýÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Çü»óÀ» ȸº¹ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ȸ°³°¡ Áß»ýÀ̸ç Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Çü»óÀÇ È¸º¹À¸·Î º»´Ù¸é ȸ°³´Â Çѹø¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Æò»ýÅä·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é Ä®ºóÀÇ È¸°³·ÐÀº ¼ºÈ·Ð¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¼ºÈ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ »ìÆì º¼ ¶§¿¡ ÀÚ¼¼È÷ Ãë±ÞÇϰڴÙ.
(2) ȸ°³¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼ÀÇ °ü°è
º¹À½ÀÌ È¸°³¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼¶ó´Â µÎ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ç¥ÇöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ̶ó¸é (À̰ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù ) ÁÖ²²¼ °ª¾øÀÌ ÀÇ·Ó´Ù ÇϽÉ(justification )Àº 'µ¿½Ã¿¡' ('at the same time') ±×ÀÇ ¿µ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼ºÈ (sanctification )¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǷΠȸº¹½ÃŰ·Á´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
º¹À½ÀÌ ÀüÆÄµÉ ¶§¿¡ ȸ°³¿¡ ¾Õ¼ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñÀÇ º¸°í°¡ ¿·ÈÀ½ÀÌ ¼±Æ÷µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÚºñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ȸ°³°¡ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù.±×·¯¹Ç·Î º¹À½ Àüü¸¦ ¿ä¾àÇϸé ". . . ±×ÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ÁË »çÇÔÀ» ¾ò´Â ȸ°³°¡ . . . ÀüÆÄµÉ °Í"À̶ó°í Çϼ̴Ù. (´ª 24:26, 46, 47; Çà 5:30-31) ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ȸ°³°¡ ¼±Æ÷µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇÏ´Ã ³ª¶ó¿¡ µé¾î°¡·Á¸é °Åµì³ª¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. "±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±¸¼Ó°ú ÀÇ¿Í ±¸¿ø°ú °Å·èÇÔÀÌ µÇ¼Ì´Ù"(°íÀü 1:30)´Â ¸»¾¸Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ Çϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡¼ °ª¾øÀÌ ÀÇ·Ó°í ¹«ÁËÇÑ ÀÚ·Î ÀÎÁ¤À» ¹Þ´Â´Ù°í ÇÒ ¶§ °Å±â¼ ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼°¡ ¼±Æ÷µÈ´Ù´Â ÀǹÌÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ°¡Áö ÀºÇý´Â ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ´ë»óÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñÀ̰í ÀÌ ÀÚºñ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Á˰¡ ¿ë¼µÇ´Â °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ¹ÏÀ½°ú ȸ°³´Â Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù. ȸ°³´Â ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ °á°úÀÌ´Ù.
Çϳª´Ô²²¼ Á˸¦ ¿ë¼ÇØ Áֽðڴٰí ÇÏ½Ç ¶§¿¡ ¿ì¸® Æí¿¡¼´Â ȸ°³ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇϽŴÙ. À̰ÍÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñ°¡ ȸ°³ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. ȸ°³°¡ ±Ù°Å°¡ µÇ¾î¼ Á˸¦ ¿ë¼¹ÞÀ» ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ »ý±ä´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÁÖ²²¼´Â ȸ°³½Ã۰íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÚºñ¸¦ º£Çª½Ã±â·Î °áÁ¤ÇϽŴÙ. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ÀºÇý¸¦ ¹Þ°íÀÚÇÏ¸é ¾î´À ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î °¡¾ßÇÏ´Â Áö¸¦ ¾Ë¸®½Å´Ù.
ȸ°³´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ Áֽô ¼±¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ȸ°³´Â ±¸¿øÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.ȸ°³¸¦ ¹ÏÀ½¿¡¼ ºÐ¸®½Ãų ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñ¿¡¼ ºÐ¸®½Ãų ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
3.ĪÀÇ ±³¸®
(1) ĪÀÇÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ
Ä®ºóÀº ĪÀDZ³¸®¸¦ öÀúÇÏ°Ô ÅäÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. ('Therefore we must now discuss these matters throughly') ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ĪÀDZ³¸®°¡ 'Á¾±³ÀÇ ¿äÁ¡' ('the main hinge on religion')À̱⠶§¹®À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¸é ±¸¿øÀ» ¼¼¿ï Åä´ë°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç Çϳª´Ô²² ´ëÇÑ °æ°ÇÀ» ¼ö¸³ÇÒ ±âÃʵµ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¸´Ù¸é ĪÀÇÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ? ĪÀÇ´Â ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¿Í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÇÀÇ Àü°¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Çϳª´ÔÀº ÀǸ¦ Àü°¡ÇϽŴÙ.ÇàÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í ¹ÏÀ½À» ÅëÇØ¼ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀǸ¦ ºÙÀâ¾Æ ±× ÀǸ¦ ÀÔ°í Çϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡ ¼³ ¶§ ±× »ç¶÷Àº ÁËÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÇÀÎÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÇÀÇ Áߺ¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ĪÀǸ¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù.¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀº ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àǰ¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Àü°¡µÇ°í Àü´ÞµÇ¸é ĪÀǸ¦ ¾ò´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÇ´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.±×¸®½ºµµ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀǸ¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÇ¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
»çµµÇàÀü 13Àå 38-39Àý¿¡¼ ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ¼®À¸·Î ĪÀÇ´Â ÁËÀÇ »ç¸éÀ¸·Î ÇØ¼®ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ĪÀÇ´Â À²¹ýÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿¡¼ ºÐ¸®µÈ´Ù. ĪÀÇ´Â ¼øÀüÈ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀºÇýÀ̸ç ĪÀÇ´Â ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¿Í ĪÀǸ¦ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ¾ò´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»Àº ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¸¦ ¹ÞÀº ÈÄ¿¡´Â ÁËÀÎÀÌ Çϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡¼ ¿ÇÀº »ç¶÷À¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤À» ¹Þ´Â ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ĪÀÇ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀºÇý·Î¿î ¿ë³³À̸ç ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼ÀÌ´Ù. ĪÀÇ´Â ÀÇÀÇ Àü°¡À̸ç ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ.(·Ò4:6-7; ½Ã32:1 )¿©±â¼ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ÀÇ´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÁËÃ¥ÀÇ ¹Ý´ë °³³äÀÌ´Ù.
¹Ù¿ïÀÌ º¹À½ ÀüÆÄÀÇ »ç¸íÀ» Çϳª´Ô°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÈÇØ¶ó Çß´Ù. ÈÇØ´Â Çϳª´Ô²²¼ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ±×ÀÇ ÀºÇý °¡¿îµ¥ ±â²¨ÀÌ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ½Ã¸ç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á˸¦ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô µ¹¸®½ÃÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.(°íÈÄ 5:18-19) "Çϳª´ÔÀÌ Á˸¦ ¾ËÁöµµ ¸øÇϽŠÀÚ·Î ¿ì¸®¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© Á˸¦ »ïÀ¸½Å °Í"(°íÈÄ 5:21)Àº ÈÇØÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀÌ 'ÈÇØ µÊ'À̶õ ¸»°ú 'ÀÇ·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÊ'À̶õ ¸»À» °°Àº ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²´Â °ÍÀº Ʋ¸² ¾ø´Ù.
(2) ĪÀÇ¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼ÀÇ °ü°è
¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ÀÇ´Â Çϳª´Ô°ú ÈÇØÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ÈÇØ´Â °ð ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÁËÀÎÀÎ ÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Áø³ë¸¦ ¸éÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀºÇý¸¦ ¹Þ±â±îÁö´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿ø¼öÀÌ´Ù.(·Ò5:8-10) Çϳª´Ô°ú ÈÇØ (ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼)°¡ ÀÏ¾î³ »ç¶÷À» ÁÖ²²¼ ÀÇ·Ó´Ù ÇϽŴÙ.±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÁËÀÎÀ» ÀÇÀÎÀ¸·Î ¸¸µå½ÃÁö ¾Ê°í´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀºÇý °¡¿îµ¥ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰ųª ÀڽŰú °áÇÕ½Ãų ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÏÀº ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.ÁÖ²²¼ ÀڽŰú ÈÇØ½ÃŲ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸¸ÀÏ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù¸é,±×µéÀº ÁËÀÎÀ¸·Î ÆÇ¸íµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.±×µéÀº ÁË¿¡¼ ÇØ¹æµÇ°í Á˸¦ ±ú²ýÀÌ ¾Ä¾î¾î¹ö·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¿ë³³ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼·Î ¿ÀÁ¡ÀÌ ¾Ä±â°í Á¤°áÄÉ µÉ¶§¿¡ ÀÇ·Ó°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÀÌ·± ÀÇ´Â ÇѸ¶µð·Î "ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼"¶ó ºÎ¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ĪÀÇ¿Í ÁË ¿ë¼ »çÀÌ´Â ±ä¹ÐÇÑ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀº ÀÇ¿Í ÈÇØ¸¦ ±¸º°ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.¼·Î ÇÑÂÊÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊ¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ÀÌÁ¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °í¸°µµ Èļ 5:19Àý°ú 5:21ÀýÀ» ÀοëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÈÇØ °ð ÀǸ¦ ¾ò´Â ±æÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á˸¦ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô µ¹¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÀÇ·Ó°Ô ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Á˸¦ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô µ¹¸®Áö ¾Ê°í Çϳª´Ô°ú ȸñÄɵǴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù¿ïÀº ½ÃÆíÀ» ÀοëÇÏ¸é¼ Á˰¡ ¿ë¼µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¹À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. (·Ò 4:6-8 ;½Ã 32:1-2) ±×¸®°í ¹Ù¿ïÀº ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¿Í ÀǸ¦ ¿¬°áÇÏ¿©,µÑÀÌ ²À °°´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ¸·Î Ãß·ÐÇϸé ĪÀÇ´Â °ª¾øÀÌ Áֽô °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ĪÀÇ´Â ÇàÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °ÅÀú ¿ë³³ÇØ Áֽñ⠶§¹®¿¡ Çϳª´Ô ¾Õ¿¡¼ ÀÇ·Ó°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¼ºµµµéÀÇ ÀÇ´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ´ö¼º¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Á˸¦ ¿ë¼ ¹Þ´Â Àڵ鸸ÀÌ ÀÇ·Ó´ÙÇÔÀ» ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
(3) ĪÀÇ¿Í Áß»ýÀÇ °ü°è
¾Õ¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ´ë·Î ĪÀÇ¿Í Áß»ýÀº µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀϾÙ. ±×·±µ¥ ĪÀÇ¿Í Áß»ýÀº ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 'µ¿½Ã¿¡' ('at the same time' ) ¼·Î ºÐ¸®µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÇÀο¡°Ôµµ ÁËÀÇ ÈçÀûÀÌ Ç×»ó ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °æÇè»óÀ¸·Î ÁÖÁöÀÇ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ĪÀÇ¿Í »ýȰÀÇ º¯È (·Ò6:4)´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸£´Ù. ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï´Â ĪÀÇÀÇ ÀºÇý¸¦ ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷Àº µÑ° ´Ü°èÀÎ Áß»ý(»ýȰÀÇ º¯È )À» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ Æò»ýÀ» Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüÁøÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼ Áß»ýÀº ¼ºÈÀÌ´Ù.
¾Õ¿¡¼ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ °Íó·³ ĪÀÇ´Â ÀÇÀÇ Àü°¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Àǰ¡ ¿ì¸® ¹Û¿¡ °è½Å ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¸Ö¸®¼ ¹Ù¶óº½À¸·Î ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Àü°¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸¦ ¿Ê ÀÔÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ ¸ö¿¡ Á¢ºÙÇôÁö±â ´ë¹®¿¡,°£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ ±×°¡ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÀÚ±â¿Í Çϳª·Î ¸¸µå½Ã±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×ÀÇ Àǰ¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Àü°¡µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿ì¸® ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ³»ÁÖÇϽÉÀ» ÀǹÌÇϸç, ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ½Åºñ·Î¿î ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.ĪÀÇ¿Í Áß»ýÀÇ ÀºÇý´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ¿¬ÇÕ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ÀºÇýÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ¿ÍÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕ °ð ¼º·ÉÀÇ ¼ºÈÀÇ »ç¿ªÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÌ Áß»ýÀÌ´Ù.
Áß»ýÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Çϳª´Ô°ú ÈÇØ°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ĪÀǰ¡ ÀϾÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼ °ð ÈÇØ°¡ ÀϾÁö ¾ÊÀº °÷¿¡´Â Áß»ýÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ĪÀÇ¿Í Áß»ýÀÇ ÀÌ µÎ ÀºÇý´Â ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¸°Ô º¸¸é ĪÀÇ´Â Áß»ý°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀϾ´Â ÀÏÀ̸ç ĪÀÇ ¾øÀÌ´Â Áß»ýÀº ÀϾÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ĪÀÇ·Î Áß»ýÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ĪÀÇ´Â ¼ºÈÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª Áß»ý (»õ·Î¿î ÀÚ³àÀÇ Åº»ý, ¶Ç´Â ¾çÀÚµÊ)Àº ´Ü ÇѹøÀÇ »ç°ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ºÎºÐÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Áß»ýÀº ĪÀÇ¿¡¼ ¾çÀڵʰú °ü·ÃµÈ´Ù. Áß»ý(´Ù¸¥ ¸»·Î ȸ°³ )Àº 'À°ÀÌ ³¯¸¶´Ù Á×°í ¿µÀÌ ³¯¸¶´Ù »õ·Ó°Ô »ç´Â °Í'À̶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î »ý¸íÀÇ ¿ø¸®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é Áß»ýÀº ¼ºÈ¿Í ¼·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Ç¥ÇöÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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1.¼ºÈÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ
º¹À½ÀÌ È¸°³¿Í ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼¶ó´Â µÎÁ¦¸ñÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ç¥ÇöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ̶ó¸é (À̰ÍÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù) ÁÖ²²¼ °ª¾øÀÌ ÀÇ·Ó´Ù ÇϽÉÀº 'µ¿½Ã¿¡' ±×ÀÇ ¿µ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼ºÈ¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǷΠȸº¹½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·Î½á ¼ºÈ´Â ĪÀÇ¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀºÇýÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñÀÇ º¸°í°¡ ¸ÕÀú ¿·Á ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼ (ĪÀÇ ¶Ç´Â ÈÇØ)°¡ ÀüÆÄµÈ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ȸ°³¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ÁËÀÇ ¿ë¼·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï´Â ĪÀÇÀÇ ÀºÇý¸¦ ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷Àº µÑ° ´Ü°èÀÎ Áß»ý(»ýȰÀÇ º¯È)À» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ Æò»ýÀ» Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüÁøÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼ Áß»ýÀº ¼ºÈÀÌ´Ù.
Ä®ºóÀº ĪÀÇÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀüÀ» ¼ºÈ¶ó°í º»´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ĪÀÇ¿Í ¼ºÈ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÔÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ¿¬ÇÕµÉ ¶§ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹Þ´Â ÀºÇýÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ µÎ ÀºÇý´Â ±¸º°µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼·Î ºÐ¸®µÇÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÁËÀÎÀ» ºÎ¸£½Ç ¶§ "ÀÇ·Ó°Ô Çϱâ À§Çؼ ºÎ¸£½Ç »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ ÀǸ¦ ±âÃÊ·ÎÇØ¼ °Å·èÇÏ°Ô ÇϽñâ À§ÇØ ºÎ¸£¼Ì´Ù."(·Ò 8:30) Çϳª´ÔÀº ÀÇ·Ó°Ô ÇÑÀÚ¸¦ º»¼º´ë·Î ¹ö·Á µÎ½Ã°í ¾Æ¹« º¯È¸¦ °¡Á®´Ù ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡? ¶ó°í ¹¯´Â´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â "Çϳª´ÔÀº Á˸¦ ¿ë¼ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °Å·èÇϰԵµ ÇϽŴÙ."(°íÀü 1:30)¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÀÇ·Ó°Ô ÇϽô Çϳª´ÔÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®¸¦ °Å·èÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÇ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿µÀ̳ª °Å·èÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¿µÀº ¼º·ÉÀÌ´Ù. ¼º·ÉÀ¸·Î °Å·èÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ¼ºÈÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦¸¦ Ä®ºóÀº ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Çϳª´Ô²²¼´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÇÀÇ ÁßÀç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¿ì¸®¸¦ Çϳª´Ô ÀڽŰú ÈÇØ½Ã۸ç, Á˸¦ °ÅÀú »çÇØ ÁֽùǷΠ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÀÇ·Ó´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇϽŴÙ. 'µ¿½Ã¿¡' Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀºÇý´Â Å« ÀÚºñ¿Í ¿¬°áµÇ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ ÀÚºñ¶õ Çϳª´Ô²²¼ ¼º·ÉÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡ °è½Ã¸ç, ±× ÈûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¤¿åÀ» ³¯·Î ´õ¿í´õ Á×ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÂüÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ¼º°áÄÉ µÈ´Ù.(we are indeed sanctified ) Çϳª´Ô²² ¹ÙÃÄÁø ÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î ÂüÀ¸·Î ¼ø°áÇÑ »ýȰÀ» ÇÏ¸ç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸¶À½Àº À²¹ý¿¡ ¼øÁ¾ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. °á±¹ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æÀ» ¼¶±â¸ç ¸ðµç ¼ö´ÜÀ» ´ÙÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ ¿µ±¤¸¸À» ÁõÁø½Ãų °ÍÀ» ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ¿øÇÑ´Ù.
¿ì¸®°¡ ¼ºÈÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ¶Ç ÇѰ¡Áö ÁÖ¸ñÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀº Ä®ºóÀÇ °æ¿ì °Å·èÀÇ ¿øÃµÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¼ºÈÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬ÀÎÀº ½º½º·Î °Å·èÇØ Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼º·ÉÀÇ ³»ÁÖ·Î ±× ´É·ÂÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À°À» ³¯¸¶´Ù Á×ÀÏ ¶§ ¼ºÈ´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀº ȸ°³¸¦ À°ÀÇ Á×ÀÓ°ú ¿µÀÇ »ì¸²ÀÇ µÎ ¿ä¼Ò·Î º¸¸é¼ ȸ°³¸¦ Áß»ýÀ¸·Î µ¿ÀϽà ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ Áß»ýÀº ¼ºÈ¿Í °ü°èµÈ´Ù.±×¸®°í Áß»ý°ú ¼ºÈ´Â ¼º·ÉÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¼ºÈ´Â ĪÀÇ¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ´Ù. ¼ºÈ´Â ĪÀÇÀÇ ÀºÇý¿¡ ´õÇØÁö´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼±¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â °Å·èÇÏ°Ô ÇϽô Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¹Ù¶óº¸°í ¼Ò¸ÁÀ» °®´Â´Ù. ¼ºÈ ¿ª½Ã Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀºÇýÀÇ ¿ª»çÀÌ´Ù.
¼ºÈ´Â ¼ºµµµéÀÇ ¼±ÇàÀÌ´Ù.ĪÀÇ¿¡´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡ °ü°èµÇÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸ ¼ºµµÀÇ ¼±ÇàÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼±¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ¼ºµµ ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¼±ÅÃµÈ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°ÔÇÏ´Â ºÎ¸£½ÉÀÇ Ç¥Â¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¼ºµµµéÀÇ ¼±ÇàÀº °ª¾øÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø ÀÇÀ̸ç,ÀÌ Àǰ¡ ¾øÀ¸¸é ±× È®½Åµµ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¼±ÇàÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ Çϳª´Ô¿¡°Ô¼ ¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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Ä®ºóÀº ±×ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ °¿ä 3±Ç¿¡¼ Áß»ýÀ» ĪÀǺ¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ³íÇÑ´Ù. Ä®ºóÀÌ ÄªÀǺ¸´Ù Áß»ýÀ» ¸ÕÀú Ãë±ÞÇÑ °ÍÀº "¹ÏÀ½Àº ¼±ÇàÀ» °áÇϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â ÆíÀÌ ´õ Áß¿äÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù."("because it was more to the point to understand first how little devoid of good works is the faith, through which alone we obtain free righteousness by mercy of God.") ¿ì¸®´Â ´Ù¸¸ ¹ÏÀ½À» ÅëÇÏ¿© Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚºñ·Î °ª¾øÀÌ ÀÇ·Ó´ÙÇÔÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¹®Á¦°¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¼ºµµÀÇ ¼±ÇàÀÇ ¹®Á¦ (¼ºµµÀÇ ¼±ÇàÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?)¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í Áß¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
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¿ì¸®´Â ¼±ÇàÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¹ÏÀ½À̳ª ¼±ÇàÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ¼º¸³Çϴ ĪÀǸ¦ ²Þ²ÙÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ÇÑ °¡Áö »ÓÀÌ´Ù. °ð ¹ÏÀ½°ú ¼±ÇàÀº ±»°Ô °áÇյǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é¼µµ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ĪÀÇ´Â ÇàÀ§¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í ¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¹«¾ù ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ÀÇ·Ó´ÙÇÔÀ» ¾ò´Â °ÍÀΰ¡? ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀǸ¦ ºÙÀâ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ¸ç ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼¸¸ ¿ì¸®´Â Çϳª´Ô°ú ȸñÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÀǸ¦ ºÙÀâÀ¸¸é 'µ¿½Ã¿¡' °Å·èÇÔµµ ºÙÀâÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô "ÀǷοò°ú ±¸¼ÓÇÔÀÌ µÇ¼Ì±â" ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.(°íÀü 1:30) ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ²²¼ »ç¶÷À» ÀÇ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ½Ã¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã 'µ¿½Ã¿¡' °Å·èÇϰԵµ ¸¸µå½Å´Ù. ÀÌ ÀºÇýµéÀº ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ºÒ°¡ºÐÀÇ °ü°è·Î °áÇյǾî ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×ÀÇ ÁöÇý·Î Á¶¸íÇϽŠ»ç¶÷µéÀ» ±¸¼ÓÇϽøç, ±¸¼ÓÇϽŠ»ç¶÷µéÀ» ÀÇ·Ó´Ù ÇϽøç, ÀÇ·Ó´Ù ÇϽŠ»ç¶÷µéÀ» °Å·èÇÏ°Ô ÇϽŴÙ.
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±×·¯³ª Ä®ºóÀº ¼ºÈ¸¦ 'ĪÀÇÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ°ú °è¼ÓÀû °úÁ¤' (The beginning of Justification and Its continual progress )À¸·Î º»´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¼ºÈ´Â °è¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÇ·Ó°Ô µÇ¾î°¡´Â °úÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ¼ºÈ´Â ĪÀÇ¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.ĪÀǾøÀÌ ¼ºÈ´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ°¡Áö ÀºÇý´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ¿¬ÇÕÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.Ä®ºóÀÌ È¸°³¸¦ Áß»ýÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ¸é¼ Áß»ýÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ Çü»óÀÇ È¸º¹À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.(°íÈÄ 3:18;¿¦ 4:23-24; °ñ 3:10) ±×·±µ¥ À̰ÍÀº ÀÏ»ýÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù.
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¿¬´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏÄ¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Áý´Ü, MonemvasiaÀÇ Dorotheus¿Í Manuel Malaxos¿Í Ecthesis ChroniconÀº ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀÇ Æ÷À§¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áö½Ä¿¡´Â ´õ ³ªÀº ¾î¶² °Íµµ ÷ºÎÇØ ÁÖÁö´Â ¸øÇϳª Å;îŰ Á¤º¹ÈÄ¿¡ Áï½Ã·Î µîÀåÇÑ »ç°Ç¿¡ °üÇØ¼´Â À¯¿ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
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¨çAdolf von Harnack.±âµ¶±³ÀÇ º»Áú. À±¼º¹ü¿ª. ¼¿ï:»ï¼º¹®°í. 1975. p. 15.
¨èºñÀÜÆ¾ Á¦±¹»çÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ÀÌÀ¯·Î´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸éÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±× Áß¿¡ ¿ì¼± µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¹®È»çÀÇ ¹è°æ Áß Æ¯È÷ ¹®¿¹ºÎÈïÀÇ ³¢Ä£ ¿µÇâÀÌ Å©´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù.ÀÌ °ßÇØ´Â Dene John GeannakopoulosÀÇ Ã¥ <Constantinople and west> 1986³â ÆÇ¿¡ »ó¼¼È÷ ±â¼úµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù´Ù.
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¨çB.C 312³â ¸Þ°¡½º ¾Ë·º»ê´õ ´ë¿ÕÀÇ µ¿¹æ Á¤¹ú·Î 70¿©°³ÀÇ µ¿¹æ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ µµ½ÃµéÀÌ '¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ'¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î ¸í¸í µÇ¸é¼ µ¿¼¹®ÈÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡¼ºÀ» ²ÒÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´ø ÀüÅëÀ» µû¶ó ¿ø·¡'Byzantium'À̾ú´ø Áö¸íÀ» ±× Áö¿ª °ÅÁֹεéÀÇ ÀڽŵéÀ»'Romaioi'¶ó°í ºÒ·ÁÁö±â¸¦ ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â °æÇ⼺°ú ÇÔ²² 'ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃ'À̶ó°í ºÒ·ÁÁ³´Ù.
¨è»ç½Ç ´ç½Ã¿¡ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ³»·úÁö¹æÀº Á¡Á¡ ºñÇö½ÇÀûÀÎ Áö¿ªÀÌ µÇ¾î°¬°í ÀÌŸ®´Â Á¡Á¡ ¹æ¾î°¡ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í ¹ßĹݵµ ±×¸®°í ¼Ò¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Áö¿ªÀº ·Î¸¶±º´ë¸¦ À§ÇÑ Áß¿ä ¡º´ ÀÚ¿ø Ãâó¿´°í ±×·¡¼ ÄܽºÅºÆ¾Àº À¯·´°ú ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Áß°£¿¡, Marmara(´ë¸®¼®)ÇØÀÇ ¹Ù´å¹°·Î »ï¸éÀÌ µÑ·¯½×ÀÎ º¸½ºÆ÷·¯½º ÇØÇùÀÌ¸ç ±íÀº ¹°·Î Ư¡À» ÀÌ·ç¾î "Ȳ±ÝÀÇ »Ô"À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®¿öÁö´Â ³°øºÒ¶ôÀÇ Áö¿ªÀ» ÅÃÇØ 6³â µ¿¾È °ÇÃàÇÏ¿© 330³â 5¿ù11ÀÏÀ» ±â³äÀÏ·Î »ïÀ¸¸é¼ ·Î¸¶ Á¦ 2ÀÇ µµ½Ã·Î °Ç¼³ Çß´Ù.
¨é·¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇà °ü°è´Â 866³â ´ë ÁÖ±³ "Æ÷Ƽ¿À½º"ÀÇ È¸¶÷¼½ÅÀ» ÅëÇØ 10¼¼±â Áß¿± Àü¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ·¯½Ã¾Æ ´ëÇ¥ "ÀÌ°í¸£"¿Í ºñÀÜÆ¾ ȲÁ¦ "·Î¸¶´©·¹Å°ÇÇ´©"¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼ Á¶¾àÇùÁ¤ÀÌ Ã¼°áµÇ°í ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ¿¹¾ðÀÚ "¿¤¸®¾ß ±³È¸"°¡ µîÀå ÇÔÀ¸·Î ÄܽºÅºÆ¼³ëÇÃÀÇ ¼±±³ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼ ·¯½Ã¾Æ°¡ ¿ª»çÀÇ ¹«´ë¿¡ µîÀåÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¿ø·¡ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Çï¶óÀû ¸íĪÀº ¥ñ¥ø¥ò¥é¥á ÀÌ°í ¶óÆ¾ ÇüÅ´Â'Russia'Àε¥ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ 988³â¿¡ Á¤ºÎÀÇ °ø½Ä Á¾±³·Î ±âµ¶±³°¡ ÀÎÁ¤µÈ °ÍÀº 13¼¼±â ÃÊ¿¡ ±âµ¶±³ ¼±±³¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ Ä³Å縯º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ºñÀÜÆ¾ ±³È¸ÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ÁøÃâÀÌ ÀÌ·ïÁ³À½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ "·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº ¼¼°¡Áö 1)·Î¸¶ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀüÅë 2)Çï¶óÀÇ ¹®ÈÀû À¯»ê 3)Á¤±³È¸Àû ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ¿µÇ⠵Ǿú°í ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ¾øÀÌ´Â ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌÇØ ÇÒ ¼ö¾ø´Ù°í º»´Ù´Â ¸»Àº ¼³µæ·ÂÀÌÀÖ´Ù.
¥³¼èÅðÀÇ ³»ºÎÀû ¿øÀÎ
¨çSteven Runcinan. The Fall of Constantinople 1453 Cambridge: University Press, 1969, p. 2
¨èÀ̶§ÀÇ ¿Õ John4¼¼¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¿Õ°ü¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ´ÙÀ̾Ƹóµå´Â ½Ã´ëÀû ºñÂüÀ» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖµí À¯¸®·Î µÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Ibid. p. 5.
¨éÀÏÄ¡ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé 1340³â Demetrius Cydones´Â Å丶½º¾ÆÄû³ª½ºÀÇ Àú¼úÀ» Èñ¶ø¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªÇØ ±âÃÊÈ Çß´Ù. Ibid., p. 5.
¨êSteven Runcinan. op. cit., p. 15.
¨ëSteven Runcinan. op. cit., p. 19.
¨ìºñÀÜÆ¾ Á¦±¹ÀÇ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ Àå°ü Lucas Notaras´Â 'Ãß±â°æÀÇ ¸ðÀÚº¸´Ù´Â ¼úźÀÇ Å;î¹ÝÀÌ ´õ ÁÁ´Ù'¶ó°í±îÁö ¹àÈù ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
¥´.¿ÜºÎÀû ¿øÀÎ
¨çSteven Runcinan. The Fall of Constantinople 1453 Cambridge: University Press, 1969, pp. 80-81.
¨èºñÀÜÆ¾±³È¸, Á¤±³È¸´Â ±³È¸·Â Áß¿¡¼ ºÎȰÀýÀ» °¡Àå Å« Àý±â·Î ¿©±â°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±× ÁÖ°£À»À§´ëÇÑ ÁÖ°£(ՌՅՃԼՋՇ ՅՂՄՏՌԼՄՁ) ¶óÇÏ¿© ¼ö³ÀÏ, ±Ý¿äÀÏÀ»À§´ëÇÑ ±Ý¿äÀÏ(ՌՅՃԼՋՇ ՐՁՑՁՓՊՅՕԾ) ¶ó°í ¸íÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î Àü ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ÃàÁ¦¿´´Ù.
¨éSteven Runcinan. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge: Cambrige Univ., 1985, p. 103.
¨êIbid., p. 101.
¨ëIbid., p. 105.
¨ìA. Palmieri, 'Filioque', Ä«Å縯½ÅÇлçÀü Âü°í
¨íÀÌ·±Á¡¿¡¼ HippolitusÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀº ¶óƾ¾î »ç¿ë±ÇÀÎ ·Î¸¶Áö¿ªÀÏÂî¶óµµ Èñ¶ø¾î·Î ½ÅÇÐÀ» Àü°³ÇÏ´Â °íÁýÀ» Æí °ÍÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ½Ã»çÇÏ´Â ¸éÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
¨îSteven Runcinan. The Great Church in Captivity. p. 91.
Âü°íµµ¼
1.Èñ¶ø¾î ÀÚ·á
ԡՑՂՅՋՅՑ,Ԍ ԥՋՅՍՇ ԣՋՕՊՁՔՆՇ. ԧ ՐՏՋՉՔՉՊՇ ՉՄՅՏՋՏՃԿՁ ՔՇՒ ԢՕՆՁՍՔՉՍՇ ԡՕՔՏՊՑՁՔՏՑԿՁՒ. ԡՈՇՍՁ: ԡՈՁՍՁՓՉՏՒ ՕՏՋՏՃՉՏՒ.1992.
ԢՁՓՉՋՅՉՁ, ԭՉՊ..ԯՑՈՏՄՏՎՉՁ ՊՁՉ ՐՁՐՉՓՌ՜Ւ. ԡՈՇՍՁ: ԳՙՔՇՑ.1981.
ԬՅՃՅՍՔՏՑՖ, ԩՙՁՍՍՏՕ. ԢՕՆՁՍՔՉՏ ՊՁՉ ՑՙՓՉՁ. ԡՈՇՍՁ : ԤՏՌՏՒ.1981.
2.¿µ¾îÀÚ·á
¡¤Geanakoplos, Deno John. Constantinople and the West. U.S.A: The Univ. of Wisconsin Press. 1989.
¡¤Loverance, Rowena. Byzantium. London: British Museum. 1988.
¡¤Runciman, steven. Byzantium. Great Britain: Richard Clay Ltd. 1975.
----------------. The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge: The Univ. of Cambridge. 1969.
----------------. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge: The Univ. of Cambridge. 1985.
3.Çѱ¹¾îÀÚ·á
¡¤¾Æµ¹ÇÁ º» Çϸ£³«. ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ º»Áú. À±¼º¹ü¿ª. ¼¿ï: »ï¼º¹®È¹®°í 67È£. 1975.
TOWARD A RENEWAL OF
KOREAN CHURCH WORSHIP(¥°)
Kwang Hee Lee
<Practical Theology>
+------------ Part I: Theology of Worship -------------+
| Introduction |
| |
| Chapter I: What is Christian Worship? |
| A. "How" and "Who" Questions: The Primacy of |
| the Question of Ontology vursus Methodology |
| B. Two Views of Worship: The Primacy of |
| God's Grace in Worship |
| |
| Chapter II: Liturgical Form |
| A. Experiencing God's Power in Worship: Issue of |
| "Structure' and "Freedom" |
| B. Relating Worship and Ministry: Issue of |
| "Pastor" and "Layperson" |
| C. Recovering the Centrality of Worship: Issue of |
| "Place" and "Day" |
| D. Rediscover the Balance between the Word and |
| Sacraments: Issue of Sacraments |
| |
| Bibliography |
+------------------------------------------------------+
Part ¥°: Theology of Worship
Introduction
Robert Webber advocates that the primary work of the Church is worship. According to him, evangelism, teaching, fellowship, servanthood, missions, and the healing of broken lives are important, however, it is worship that really stands behind all these activities. The priority of Church is to be a worshipping community and all other functions of ministry flow from the worship because it is the source of Christian spiritual life and growth. That is, worship must be the heartbeat of Church.
The opening question and answer of the Westminster Shorter Catechism (1647-48) show properly what is Christian worship: "What is the chief end of man? Man's chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever." According to William H. Willimon, we do not worship God for becoming better people, rather Christian worship is an intrinsic activity. Christians worship God because we are God's beloved ones. God makes Himself known to us from within the context of love, holiness, righteousness, justice, creator.
We worship God because He is worthy. In English, the word "worship" roots itself in an older form that is close to "worth-ship." It means the act of ascribing worth, of expressing and demonstrating supreme value toward God. Worship always means God and the priority of God. We are Christians, and the worship of the Holy Trinity is "good, right, and our bounden duty." In this light, Karl Barth remarks that "Christian worship is the most momentous, the most urgent, the most glorious action that can take place in human life."
In the first part of this study, I would like to deal with very delicate two subjects. One is to point out the primacy of the question "Who is God?" against the question "How we can worship God?" Without proper understanding that what ("Who") is the true rock upon which Christ's Church is built (Matt. 16:18), we will not be able to worship God properly ("How"). Another is to show the true way of worship by developing the "How" question. Here, we have double task to deal with first the matter of primacy and then to develop the form how to worship God.
Consequently, in the second part, we shall see the evaluation of the Korean Church worship from above perspectives. I will discuss several theological renewal suggestions for Korean Church worship first, and then suggest some strategic planning of worship ministry in the context of Korean Church.
Chapter I: What is Christian Worship?
A. "How" or "Who" Questions: The Primacy of the Question of Ontology versus Methodology
1. "How" Question: Methodology
According to James Torrance, people today are moreinterested in the "How" question because our age is preoccupied with the progmatic, problem solving methodology. If we ask the "How" question first we will create an anthropological worship. Torrance says that this worship is preoccupied with me, my problems, and my needs, etc. This results in justifying religion on the basis of usefulness, progmatism.
In this view, religion becomes the means for realizing selfulfillment, self esteem, and self actualization. If we follow this view, knowing oneself to be the way to the truth, beauty, fulfillment. Therefore, knowing oneself becomes the means of knowing God, and human beings become God.
We understand that the context of our ministry is the people with needs and we are supposed to know their situations and experiences. However, if we truly want to understand the real significance of people's experience, we should not look at its form, but rather at Christ as its source, norm and end. Thomas A. Smail is right in saying that "[Our] experience is to be explained in terms of Christ, not Christ in terms of [our] experience." The experience should be a "reflection" of the original, who is Jesus, and is to find its explanation in Him.
2. "Who" Question: Ontology
According to Robert Webber, in both the Old and New Testament, worship is rooted in an actual event. The Old Testament worship is pradigmed by the event of Exodus and the New Testament worship is oriented to the event of Cross. In either case, biblical worship celebrates the event and makes it come alive again. However, we have to be very careful that our focus should not be on the event ("reflection") itself but the subject ("original") who let the events happen.
Jesus fulfills a double ministry. He accomplished once for all the expiatory act and at the same time extended and exploited the full benefits of the saving work which lasts unto eternity. Therefore, the starting point of worship is the "Who" question and the primary motive in coming to God shoud not be human needs, but gratitudes for God who comes in love. Focus should be on Christ rather than on needs of people.
According to James Torrance, we are in an individualistic culture that is so preoccupied with "Me." We desperately need to recover true worship by focusing on God, what He has done, is doing in Christ, and is empowering through the Holy Spirit, to be led into true worship. Dietrich Bonhoeffer says that we should put priority to the "Who" question over the "How" question. It will make a difference in how we approach worship. Since Christ is the center of all worship, all the media of the past, which sought to restore the bond of unity between God and sinful man, are replaced by the media of grace, in which Christ, as agent, communicates Himself in the fulness of the community's possession of the Spirit, in the Sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper.
The Bible gives the indicatives of grace (who Jesus is and what He has done for us) rather than imperatives of the Law (how should we do). How question should be based on the priority of who/what questions. In Philippians 2, Paul wrote that knowing "Who" Christ is and what he has done will tell you "How" to act. Therefore, we begin with who Christ is, what He has done and view the needs in the light of this.
B. Two Views of Worship: The Primacy of God's Grace in Worship
Above question of "How" and "Who" leads us to two different views of worship: The "How" question results in the view of worship that "worship is something we do," and the "Who" question results in the view of worship that "worship is participating in what Jesus Christ has done and continues to do."
1. Something "We" do
According to James Torrance, the commonest and widespread view of worship is that worship is "something which we do mainly in Church on Sunday." Many of us pull ourselves out of bed, go to Church to do our religious things --singing, praying, offering, etc.-- and watch the minister do his religious things. This means that the only priesthood is our priesthood, the only offering is our offering, and the only intercession is our intercession. This kind of "do it yourself with the help of the minister" worship is "legal" worship, and not "evangelical" worship. James Torrance maintains that this view can be divisive, in that "every Church and denomination does its own thing and worships God in its own way."
William Willimon says that "to worship God means to serve Him." One can serve God either by doing things for Him that He needs to have done or by doing things for Him that you need to do. This view resolves everything in doing good works. We then have an ethical imperative. The important thing is one's evangelical experience of doing something. However, James Torrance warns that this view can results in a modification of what we call "we do something" model. Even though this view asserts that "it is a do it yourself in response to Christ worship," it is still man centered rather than God-centered.
2. Participating in What Christ Has Done and Continues to Do
The focus of worship is not human experience, not a lecture, not entertainment, but Jesus Christ his life, death, and resurrection. God does not accept us because we offer Protestant worship, or Roman Catholic worship, or some beautiful Anglican liturgy or free prayer. God accepts us by grace alone, not because of any offering we sinners can make, but only for what we are in Christ and on the ground of that One offering which He has made for us. In this light, James Torrance defines that "worship is the gift of participating through the Spirit in the Son's communion with the Father of participating, in union with Christ, in what He has done for us once and for all on the Cross, and in what He is continuing to do for us in the presence of the Father, and in His mission to the world."
Jesus is the eternal mediator of an eternal covenant. Jesus lifts Himself up to the Father, and lifts us up to the Father. He also brings the Father to us. Christ draws us to Himself so we may participate in (koinonia) communion with God through Him. Jean Jacques von Allmen maintains that Christian worship is not a theological blue print drawn up by specialists, but an event, an encounter between the Lord, Who through the Holy Spirit acts in Word and Sacraments, and His people. Therefore, the heart of worship is to meet with Christ. Participate in Christ, not just in ideas. God's ultimate purpose for us is to participate in the triune life of God.
. . . we are accepted by God, not because of our "good work," but freely by God's grace received in faith. They also saw clearly what this meant for our understanding of worship, that God does not accept us because we have offered worthy worship. In His love, He accepts us freely in the person of the Son, who in our name and on our behalf has made the One Offering that alone is acceptable to God for all men, for all nations, for all times, and who unites us with Himself in the One Body, in His communion with the Father.
James Torrance maintains that this view is "both catholic and evangelical." According to him, this view is unifying in that it recognizes there is only one way to come to the Father, namely, through Christ in the communion of the Spirit, in the communion of saints, whatever outward form our worship may take.
Chapter II: Liturgical Form
We can classify today's worship forms under the three "centers": alter centered Roman, Orthodox, Lutheran, and Episcopalian; pulpit centered Reformed, Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, and their relatives; and congregation centered -the Charismatics. In fact, these worship forms derived from a common source, the fifteenth century Church of Western Europe. However, after the Reformation, there arose many different emphasis on the worship form according to their own theological understanding, and this trend results in today's diversity of liturgical forms. According to James White, for over four hundred years, Protestant and Roman Catholic worship evolved in almost air-tight isolation from each other. A common heritage became two separate histories of development until the warming trends of the twentith century liturgical movement began to melt the barriers.
Since World War II, the world outside Church is changing more drastically than ever been before. Chul Joo Lee points out that the traditional worship forms cannot satisfy the needs of people who are living in a secularized and pluralized world. The Church realized that it is not an organization for herself but the community called by God for the service to God and neighbor through worship and missions. Therefore, both the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Churches have been concerned about the renewal of liturgical forms. The change after 1960s is called "Liturgical Renaissance" or "Liturgical Reformation."
The worship of Catholics has changed more in the years since Vatican II (1962) than it changed in the past five hundred years. Pentecostal worship made an important contact with other Protestant traditions in the 1960s. James White maintains that today hardly any of the mainline Churches are exempt from such contacts. Most of them have experienced elements of Pentecostal worship. The use of worship for managerical ends and cheap emotional highs is not new in Protestantism.
According to Robert Redman, we can learn positive things from above liturgical renewal movement. The convergence of liturgical and Charismatic worship styles results in the followings: (1) experiencing God's power in worship, (2) relating worship and ministry, (3) being aware of the centrality of worship, (4) rediscovery of the Sacrament, (5) recovering a sense of the Church year --and not just civic year, (6) finding the arts in worship.
With various forms, people seek for meaningful liturgies which speak to the needs of our time. However, if movement is an attempt to only change the "worship format" without changing the focus, it will not be as effective. Therefore, we have to ask ourselves whether they really built up or hinder the Body of Christ in worship?
According to Paul W. Hoon that "Christian worship is God's revelation of Himself in Jesus Christ and man's response," or a twofold action: that of "God to the human soul in Jesus Christ and in man's responsive action through Jesus Christ." Hoon emphasizes that the center of both is Jesus Christ, who reveals God to us and through whom we make our response. Therefore we can say that worship is an event of salvation history where a reciprocal relationship happens. Christian worship is bound directly to the events of salvation history. God takes the initiative in addressing us through Jesus Christ and we respond through Jesus Christ, using a variety of emotions, words, and actions. Christian worship carries out a certain forms which visualize man's response to the divine work of salvation.
In this light, James Torrance rightly says that worship is not just what we do, not just what God has done, but what we do in response to what God has done. He calls this view of the worship "Trinitarian and Incarnational." In the trinitarian view, the triune God is not only the object of our worship, but paradoxically by grace, He is the agent of our worship. Therefore, all of our worship forms must carry out this "Trinitarian and Incarnational" idea of worship.
A. Experiencing God's Power in Worship: Issue of "Structure" and "Freedom"
One of the leading aspects of today's worship form is recovering its celebration of salvation. In the Old Testament, worship is the celebration of what God did for Israel, whether at Passover, at the Day of Atonement, or at the Feast of Weeks. Certainly, Old Testament worship is highly festive and full of joy. In the New Testament, this celebration is focused on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ for our salvation and for the salvation of the world. However, this distinctive feature of festivity in worship disappeared after the Christianity became institutionalized. In the Middle Age, the spirituality was subjected to the form. Church buildings became the place of authority, and external aspects of worship were emphasized. Therefore, the liturgical forms replaced the festivity of the freedom in Spirit. After Reformation movement the Christianity tried to recover the celebration of freedom in the Spirit which has been veiled in the name of liturgical order. What is the mutual relation in this system between the liturgical order and the freedom of the working of the Spirit today?
Craig Erickson says that the tension between liturgical structure and freedom as an experience of God's presence has always existed. We might say that the Pentecostal movement, which was born with the twentith century, became the newest challenge of this question to the Protestant worship tradition.
According to James W. White, "the chief characteristic of the Pentecostal tradition is its unstructured approach to worship in which the Holy Spirit is trusted to prompt not only the contents of the service but also its sequence." In the worship process, a variety of gifts may be shared by the congregation. For example, speaking in tongues, interpretation, prophecy, and spontaneous singing of spirituals, spontaneous prayer or dancing. Theses gifts are primarily for the Church not individual. The overiding criterion for evaluating their worth is that they be used for the edification of the Church. Craig Erickson says that this is a guideline for all forms of spontaneous involvement in worship.
According to Thomas Smail, baptism in the Holy Spirit is that aspect of Christian initiation in which, through expectant and appropriating faith in Christ's promises, the indwelling Holy Spirit manifests Himself in our experience, so that He works in and through us with freedom and effectiveness, as He first worked with complete freedom and full effectiveness in the manhood of Christ. Such worship is open to unexpected possibilities with the realization that the Spirit moves as it wills. Therefore, free space for spontaneity has been the great Pentecostal witness.
B. Relating Worship and Ministry: Issue of "Pastor" and "Layperson"
Much of our worship has been dominated by pastors. According to Robert Webber, in Churches where the pastor figure is central, any response is often looked at as odd and inappropriate. One of the problems of evangelical worship is the passive nature of the congregation. In many case, the congregations are expected to sit and never do anything except sing a hyme or two and put money in the plate.
Craig Erickson rightly points out that a clergy dominated performance of the liturgy before a passive congregation obscures the priestly character of the entire Church. According to Erickson, in the new Israel, when the Church gather for worship, it does so as a collective priesthood. As a body of priests, Christians offer spiritual worship which refers to the presence of the Holy Spirit. The New Testament awards the concept of temple to the bodies of individual Christians, who are temples of
God's Holy Spirit.
William H. Willimon maintains that Christian worship should reflect the people who worship and the person(s) who lead worship because liturgy in Greeks means "the work of the people." Therefore, Willimon asks the question that "how can we help the people do what they want to do on Sunday morning worship God." There are many different forms of gifts in the Church, but one Spirit who distributes and employs these gifts. The Christian Church must discern and respect these gifts. According to Craig Erickson, all spontaneous involvement must flow from the Spirit's ministry to edify the Church. For this reason, it is desirable only to the extent that it is subject to the discipline of worshiping community.
C. Recovering the Centrality of Worship: Issue of "Place" and "Day"
1. Place
In the early days, the worship of God was associated with specific places called "temple." We can see this idea from the dialog between Samaritan woman and Jesus Christ at Jacob's well (John. 4:1-30). Here "worship in Spirit and in truth" takes the place of temple worship. According to Oscar Cullmann, compared with this worship in the Spirit, the worship of the temple is just as meaningless as that of Mt. Gerizim. The center of worship is the Spirit, whose coming is bound up with Christ's glorification, and it characterizes all worship. Therefore, Christ is the center of all worship. For that reason worship is no longer geographically limited, but all worship becomes worship in the "Spirit."
However, we have to be cautious that special importance was attached in early Christianity to the fact that the whole community should gather in one place (in the same place). Seperate gathering were rejected. According to Jean von Allmen, in order to estimate the place of the cult in the life of the world, we must be able to distinguish between the Church and the world, between the sacred and the profane. This distinction makes the mission of the Church in the world, as a prophetic, priestly, and royal people.
In this light, we might say that there is a dual meaning in the issue of worship place. In Christ, the geographical temple does not claim its meaning as a redemptive mediator any more. On the Cross, Christ offered His body once for all, and there needs no more shedding of blood. Anyone can enter God's place directly through the blood of Jesus Christ. Now the geographical temple (local Church) has only liturgical meaning. A Church in a specific worship place (local Church) is a testimony that we are still living in the middle of God's kingdom: The kingdom of God is among us. However, we have to wait and sacrifice until the final day of Jesus' second coming. For the time being Christians have to live in the world but not affiliated in it. The Bible teaches us that is why we Christians are called the light and the salt of the world. As long as Christians are living in the world, they are royal priesthood on behalf of the world. In this light, the distinction of the worship place is not only a liturgical meaning but also a challenge to remind Christians the Great Commission of Jesus Christ: "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age," (Matt. 28:19 20).
2. Day
According to Robert Schaper, the underlying reality was to be that the Israelites would give back to God one day in each seven. The day was to be kept free from dissipation of attention, interest, or energy for any purpose other than worship. To consecrate that one span of time was to acknowledge God's rightful claim to all of the people's time. It was the sabbath. However, after the crucifixion of Jesus, it became different in its meaning. Jean von Allmen asserts that if Jesus is the true sabbath -as He is the true temple, the true OT sacrifices, the true circumcision- He also puts an end to the sabbath (as to the temple, to sacrifices, and to circumcision) by fulfilling it. The sabbath is fulfilled in Jesus Christ and the day of Christian worship will not be the sabbath any more, but a different day.
We see that the early Christians were not assembled on sabbath but on the first day of the week (Acts. 20:7), the day on which Jesus rose again (Matt. 28:1; Mark. 16: 1 2; Luke. 24:1; John. 20:1). Oscar Cullmann maintains that "it must not be forgotten that for purpose of Christian worship it was first and foremost the day on which Jesus rose from the dead." The day appointed for early Christian worship was a memorial of the resurrection of Christ. In this light, each Sunday was an Easter day. This shows that in Sunday worship the proclamation of Easter is far more important than the element of rest, and to wish to justify the Sunday rest on social grounds rather than by liturgical necessity is wrong and inadmissible.
Sunday is necessary because the people are commanded to assemble for the memorial of that which justifies its existence, but because the present age still continues and the day -when, indisputably, the name of the father will be hallowed, His kingdom come and His will be done has not yet dawned. By Sunday worship it attests the presence, real and actual, of the world to come. Sunday is the anticipation of this final day. It is not only a memorial of the resurrection, but also a foreshadowing of the parousia. In this light, Jean von Allmen says that to maintain the sabbath of the Jews would imply a relapse into the Old covenant, as though Christ had not come. The Bible shows that from the early Church, Christians met for worship on the day after the sabbath, that is the Lord's day.
According to Oscar Cullmann, on the Lord's day, Christ appeared at a meal with the disciples. Therefore, He ought to appear again in the Christian celebration of the Meal. This presence of the Spirit in the congregation is, however, an earnest of His coming at the End. Cullman asserts that at the same time this ancient prayer points backwards to Christ's appearance at the common meal of the community and forwards to His appearances at the End, often represented by the picture of a Messianic meal.
The Church lives in the world bearing witness to the fact that this world is God's world by right of Creation and Redemption. But she also bears witness to the fact that "the world is not yet the kingdom of God." We worship God in the Spirit on the Lord's day to bear witness to the fact that every day is the Lord's day, however, we also worship on the first day of the week to bear witness to the fact that "the secular city is not the celestial city, that there remains a rest for the people of God." Therefore, the Church on the world is the community within the world which in her worship anticipates the perfect community of the kingdom, waiting for the marriage feast of the Lamb.
D. Rediscover the Balance between the Word and Sacraments: Issue of the Sacraments
Within the Church there is a wide variety of forms of worship and liturgical practice. The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches observe the Seven Sacraments: Baptism, the Eucharist, Confirmation, Reconciliation, Holy Orders, Marriage, and the Sacrament of the sick. However, Protestant acknowledges only two Sacraments as having been specifically instituted by Jesus Christ. They are Baptism and the Lord's Supper which is often called the Eucharist or Holy Communion.
A Sacrament is a significant deed, a particular use of temporal things, which gives to them the value of eternal things and thus in corporate and convey spiritual reality. Christ unites the Church with Himself by the Spirit through Word and Sacrament, and it is in these terms that we have to understand the Eucharist, Baptism, and other gifts of the ministry.
1. The Eucharist (The Lord's Supper)
The eucharists is usually not considered properly among Protestants, at least not in terms of frequency. Most Protestant worship has not made the eucharists its central service. Maxwell rightly points out that the result of the Reformation movement, so far as the forms of worship were concerned, were imperfect. A tendency soon became evident for the pendulum to swing to the other extreme, resulting in services excessively didactic and inadequate in structure. For example, Zwingli did not regard the Lord's Supper in itself as a means of grace, or as the norm of Christian worship. In theory and practice, therefore, he did not favor frequent communion.
According to Robert Schaper, Calvin did not originally intend the Sunday service to exclude communion. The Church leaders, however, refused a weekly Eucharist, and Calvin agreed to a monthly observance. James White describes nine traditions of Protestant worship as follows. These can be arranged in a scheme ranging from top to bottom in terms of century of origin and from left to right in terms of decreasing degree of radicalness in the break from the medieval past.
|
Left wing |
Central |
Right wing |
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16th Cen. |
Anabaptist |
Reformed |
Anglican Lutheran |
|||
17th Cen. |
Quaker Puritan |
|
|
|||
18th Cen. |
|
Methodist |
|
|||
19th Cen. |
*Frontier |
|
|
|||
20th Cen. |
Pentecostal |
|
|
*The most prevalent worship tradition in
American Protestantism.
There needs a balance between the Word of God and the table of the Lord. We often neglect the fact that God reveals not only through language and history, but also through signs and symbols. Robert Webber is right in saying that "the living Word, the logos, is communicated to us through the symbol of bread and wine, as well as revealed to us in a book." One of the hopeful signs of twentieth century liturgical renewal in Church is her moving toward a balance of Word and Sacrament. In communion, we act together as a body, a family around the table. Jesus gives Himself to us. Christ unites us with Himself by communion and memory at the Lord's table. Communion holds together both a retrospective and a prospective relationship.
a. Retrospective Charactor of Eucharist: Present
Geoffrey Wainwright says that there are three chief aspects in traditional view of eucharist. First, the presence of Christ in or at the Sacrament, and particularly with the relation between the bread and wine and that presence. Secondly, the relation between the cross of Christ and sacrificial nature which classical liturgical tradition has ascribed to the eucharist. Thirdly, the fruits of communion, and particularly with reference to the individual recipient. This traditional view was concerned with the communicant's present union with his Lord.
According to James Torrance, the triune God loved us and thus sent His Son as a sacrifice on the cross for us. Christ gives Himself to us through the Word comes to us in communion. We celebrate this as we take the bread and wine. We accept the bread and wine with the Word of Jesus Christ saying that "this is my body" which means (1) communion with whole Christ (2) real presence of Christ.
Traditional Roman view represents "transubstantiation." According to this view, in prayer for consecration by priest, substance of bread and wine changed into the real body and blood of Jesus Christ. However, it does not has a basis in Scriptures by emphasizing the repetition of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ which obscures the once for all sacrifice and gives rise to idolatary by worshipping the elements.
According to Lutheran view, the whole Christ is ubiqutious in, with, and under the elements of Sacrament. Luther's idea of fellowship involved belief in the real presence. He insisted that the real presence could be completly realized only when the worshipper received communion.
Calvin maintain that Christ is truly present in the Sacrament, yet Christ does not become bread and wine. Christ is present in Spirit and the element of the Sacrament is a visible sign of what Christ did for us and what He is doing for us today. Christ, who is our eternal Offering in the heavens, now comes to us in an act of self giving and says, "Take, eat, this is my body which is broaken for you," and lifts us with our self offering of praise and thanksgiving into communion with Himself. We offer ourselves to the Lord and yet it is not we who offer, but Christ who has offered Himself for us and who is our offering. As for Calvin, this is the heart of the theology of the sacraments, particularly of the Lord's Supper which so enshrines the mirifica communtatio, the wonderful exchange that Christ took what was ours that He might give us what is His. Our reception of Christ is our grateful acknowledgement of this wonderful exchange.
b. Prospective Charator of Eucharist: Eschatological
If we recover an eschatological aspect of eucharist, we shall be able to recover the Church's mission as the messenger of the kingdom and the unity as the body of Christ. In 1 Corinthians, Paul says that the Lord's supper is a proclamation of the Lord's death until He came (1 Cor. 11:26). According to Geoffrey Wainwright, Paul teaches that eucharist is not a celebration of unbridled eschatological joy but is under the banner of the Lord's death until His final advent. Paul seems to be echoing a cry used in the eucharistic liturgy of Maranatha in this context.
When He appears in the parousia, then we shall enter into real communion with Jesus Christ. Therefore, Jesus Christ might lift us up into what He has done and is doing so we may participate and experience genuine worship. When we look at what we are in ourselves, we are disappointed. However, when we look at what we are in Christ and what we will become in Christ, we have hope. Our response is gratitude and joy.
The Sacrament is the Gospel which is made visible by being the body of Christ for us. Through Sacrament, we participate in union with Christ in sufferings of Christ and in the resurrection of Christ, and one day in the parousia. In this light, according to Wainwright, there is an important eschatological character in the Sacrament. In the eucharist, we are given a promise of the righteousness, peace and joy that are the marks of the kingdom, being consequences of the active presence of God for men; and it is our business to grasp what is there given us in promise, and to order all our actions in hope of its final fulfillment. The Christian Church is supposed to bear witness to God, cooperating in the establishment of the kingdom without ever a thought of denying that the work is entirely God's and will be drastically completed by
Him.
2. Baptism
James Torrance challenges us that our concern about baptism is not how it should be done, or who should be baptized, or how often should it be repeated, but what does it signify, and who is the baptizer, what has He done? Only in the light of the meaning of baptism can we answer the questions. According to Torrance, Baptism signifies that our salvation is from beginning to end the work of God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
There are three stages of salvation on the basis of trinitarian perspective: Eternity, Father's plan; history, Son's sacrifice; experience, Holy Spirit brings us into repentance, confession, acceptance. Our salvation is all of God and all our response is passive, acceptance, and submission. The baptism is a sign and seal of the covenant of grace made for us and our children in Christ, 1900 years before we were born. When Jesus was baptized for us in the waters of Jordan and in the Blood on the Cross, we were baptized in His baptism. When he died, we died in Him. When He was buried, we were buried in Him. When He rose, we rose in Him, and now our righteousness is hid with Christ in God.
Baptism is not a sign and seal of anything we have done, of our faith, or our repentance or our decision, as important as these are our response to grace. It means, therefore, participation by the Spirit in what Christ has done for us and continues to do for us as He shares with us His communion with the father and His mission to the world.
3. Prayer
Prayer is necessary not only to the individual life of the Christian, but also to Church worship. From the start, the prayer was one of the important elements of the Christian worship. Jean von Allmen is right in saying that "it is, first of all, not the expression of a religious need, nor a technique by which we seek to coerce God, but an act of obedience." Believing prayer is the realization that Jesus Christ is the real Agent in worship.
In the Maranatha prayer, we come to the specifically Christian element in the early liturgical prayer, an element which connects closely with the fact that the day of the Christian service of worship is the day of Christ's resurrection. The Church asks that grace may come, and that the world may vanish away and that, with such an expectation, the Church may already know in Christ the joy of the kingdom. According to Jean von Allmen, we might say that the Chuch is offering the Lord's prayer, during the week for Sunday, and on Sunday, the Church is asking God to manifest with power that of which on Sunday He gives a foretaste. Thus, prayer is not only an act of obedience, but also an act of faith and hope which hastens the coming of the day of God.
4. Others
We can see from the Pauline Epistles that already in the very earliest period the worship life of the community had other elements. Paul mentions in 1 Corinthians 14:26 that there were the Psalms, revelation, speaking with tongues and the interpretation of tongues besides teaching (sermon). The New Testament contains, furthermore, numerous forms of benediction, and etc.
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A SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW OF
PAUL'S CONVERSION
Sung Kook Hong
<N. T. Theology>
Introduction
This article is to understand the reality of Paul's conversion from sociological perspective. By understanding his radical change in terms of a social concept of conversion, this study aims to define what involves in Paul's conversion and its significance in his new religious movement in the gentile territory.
Until Krister Stendahl, the argument on the problem of Paul's conversion has been centered mainly on the psychological aspect of his conversion as Stendahl points. According to him, "introspective conscience," a pull toward which Paul himself never admits, "came into the theological bloodstream of Western culture and tended to dominate the scene far beyond its original function." As far as Stendahl concerns, such a mind set failed to see Paul's newly identified "calling" from God for the gentile mission as a psychological conversion experience. After Stendahl, likewise, criticizes the traditionally held view on the reality of Paul's conversion, he suggests that the problem should be restated in terms of "call" rather than "conversion." However, Beverly Gaventa, in addition to that, argues that Paul's experience can be viewed as "conversion"--in a sense of transformation of attitude--as well as "call"--in a sense of mission.
While Alan Segal agrees with Gaventa, in acknowledging Stendahl's critique, he introduces a social concept of conversion in terms of "transformation of biography." Despite the fact that his methodology applied in his argument to define Paul's experience as an experience of conversion has its own merit, his adoption of the social theory concerned with conversion proposed by David Snow and Richard Machalek is biased by the Clifford Staples and Arman Mauss reassessment of their proposal and does not apprehend them fully. In that regard Segal's merit can be appreciated partially in terms of his new approach of defining Paul's conversion in a social concept. Thus, if one, along with Segal's approach, can define comprehensibly by means of the Snow and Machalek suggestion what involves in Paul's conversion, one has to adopt them as they propose.
At this point, I have already set the basis idea of how and why this study needs to adopt social theories for fulfilling its purpose. Before furthering its analysis, however, it is necessary to specify the frame of reference with which one can proceed the investigation of Paul's materials. Thus, after setting up the frame of reference this study will define what involves in Paul's conversion and its significance in establishing his local communities.
Frame of Reference
As indicated above, what involves in the Snow and Machalek concept of conversion is surveyed as the frame of reference for investigation. David Snow and Richard Machalek recognize conversion as a radical change of the "universe of discourse," which provides a broad interpretive framework for one's social interaction in which one's social identity and role are predefined and thus social conduct is controlled. With this scheme one is able to comprehend one's biography and the biography of others as well. They suggest that conversion as a radical change of the universe of discourse manifests four indicators for social types: 1) "biographical reconstruction," --orientation of one's biography; 2) "adoption of a master-- interpretation of the events from the standpoint of one pervasive scheme; 3) "suspension of analogical reasoning,"--a new meaning system; and 4) "embracement of a master role"--newly constructed social role. However, I have modified their terminology into change of biography, change of interpreting scheme, change of world view, and change of social role for the following critical argument. Among those indicators of conversion, Staples and Mauss 133-47, accept "biography reconstruction," as the only conversion indicator, on the basis of the analysis of the interview data with members of two religious groups: one, of the so-called `born again' experience; the other, of life-long Christians. Staples and Mauss find that the biography reconstruction indicator is exclusively revealed among the members of the `born again' Christian group, but the other indicators are revealed in both groups. This fact compels us to accept, according to them, that only biography reconstruction is the indicator of conversion but the others are indicators of religious commitment.
But if conversion is conceptualized as a radical change of universe of discourse in reference to social type, as Snow and Machalek contend, the validity of Snow and Machalek's argument is affirmed. The universe of discourse in reference to social type represents in any individual as biography identity, attribution scheme, analogical reasoning, and identity of role. All these are inevitable indicators for any socialized members of society. Alternation of the already constructed universe of discourse in reference to social type takes place within the process of its radical change. This means that alternation requires a radical change of biography, attribution scheme, analogical reasoning, and identity of role. If no alternation, religious or social, occurs in any society, the members of that society still need to commit to behave according to the already constructed universe of discourse as Berger contends. In this sense the life-long Christian groups are already socialized to commit to behave according to the predefined Christian way of universe of discourse. They just do not need to experience a radical change, a "conversion," of universe of discourse into the Christian way in order to live in a Christian way. Thus, not only the change of biography but also the change of attribution scheme, analogical reasoning, and change of master role are necessarily absent in the life-long Christian group. Staples and Mauss' argument, therefore, which is based on the problem of absence of one element in a life-long Christian group, is invalid for deciding what kind of element is the indicator of conversion. This fact leads us to conclude that the four indicators proposed by Snow and Machalek are valid for the ones who experience conversion but not for the ones who do not experience conversion. In this respect the slight change of original terminology can serve as the better descriptive tool to analyze the radical change occurring in conversion without violating the original concept of Snow and Machalek. Likewise, the indicators of Paul's conversion need to be identified according to the original suggestion of Snow and Machalek with the slight change of the original terminology rather than to the limited one, as Staples and Mauss suggest, for Paul's experience can be accepted as a radical change of universe of discourse from the Pharisaic structure to the newly found Christian structure.
Paul's Conversion as a Social Type
As indicated in the survey of a social concept of conversion, the investigation of Paul's radical change is undertaken in terms of four indicators of social types as Snow and Machalek suggest: 1) change of biography, 2) change of interpreting scheme, 3) change of world view, and 4) change of social role.
Change of Biography
As a devotee of Pharisaism, Paul constructs his whole life to achieve righteousness according to the law. He regards Jewish heritage, such as the law, circumcision, tradition, and tribal lineage, as privilege to attain that goal (Phil. 3: 5-7). He even devotes himself to becoming a Jewish missionary who seeks out the gentile converts to lead them into the way of righteousness. Such devotion is only necessary and right to him, for he is convinced that attaining righteousness by means of the Judaic system is as indispensable for gentiles as for Jews. In short, his life before the experience of conversion is constructed on the indispensability of attaining righteousness. For this reason he persecutes the Christians vehemently, for they proclaim that God manifested righteousness in Christ, apart from the law, and moreover, that even the gentiles can attain it only through faith in and of Christ (Rom. 3: 21-22).
After he experiences conversion, however, his whole biography is changed. He sees himself on the wrong track, aspects of his life to boast of as nothing, and his devotion to Judaism and its advance as zeal for God without knowledge (Phil. 3:4-8; cf. Rom. 10:2). His whole life is reconstructed, in confidence of having the righteousness from God, which is through faith in and of Christ (Phil. 3: 9), magnifying Christ in his body (Phil. 1: 20), sharing sufferings, hoping to attain the resurrection of Christ (Phil. 3:10), and reaching the goal of God's mission in Christ (Phil. 3:14). His biography, in sum, constructed formerly on the indispensability of attaining righteousness by means of the Judaic system, is dramatically changed to one of having the righteousness already through faith in and of Christ and exhibiting it in his life. If Paul is convinced that such a biographical change is necessary to him who has considered himself as on the right track endorsed by God and thus as light and guidance of ones who are in the darkness or blind (Rom. 2: 19), much more is he convinced by the dramatic experience of his change into the right direction as revealed by God that such a change is absolutely necessary for the gentiles who are regarded as in darkness.
Change of Interpreting Scheme
Josephus records an episode of Pilate's attempt to carry ensigns of the image of the emperor to Jerusalem and of the Jews' rejection of the practice. The Gospel stories contain accusations against Jesus and his disciples by the Jews. In particular the Pharisees and the scribes are focused on the issue of breaking the law, especially Sabbath keeping (e.g., Mk. 2:23-24; John 5:15-16) and purification (e.g., Mk. 7:1-5). The Acts of the Apostles also records that the first martyr, Stephen, is accused of speaking against the temple and the law (Acts 6:13), and thus, delivers his apologetic message focusing on these allegations (Acts 7:44-53). And even the conference at Jerusalem focuses on the issue of the circumcision of the Gentile Christians (Acts 15:5; Gal. 2). These episodes illuminate a broad picture of how the Jews interpreted everything, including the behavior of self and others and events in the world around them, by means of the law.
As a devotee of Pharisaism, Paul has an interpreting system certainly in accordance with the Jews in his time before conversion. Paul's attempt to delineate an interpreting system of grace and faith in and of Christ in contrast to the Judaic one of law and works (Rom. 4) highlights his change of interpreting scheme. Thus, he confesses that his scheme of interpreting everything is changed from the Judaic scheme to the one of grace and faith in and of Christ (Phil. 3: 5-9), which is applicable to everyone, the Jews and the gentiles alike, who has faith.
He becomes much more flexible in approaching the gentiles than he was in Judaism, and his message focuses on exploration of his newly-found interpreting scheme of grace and faith in and of Christ, a dramatic change from his former propagation of the Judaic ritualism according to the law. The radical change of approach and his full conviction of the power of the message of grace and faith render his preaching successful, gaining many converts from the gentiles. Such a change of Paul's interpreting scheme plays a key role in protecting the gentiles from falling to the Judaic interpreting scheme of legalism and returning even to their former paganish habits such as observation of seasons.
Change of World View
The meaning system of Paul when he was in Judaism may be deduced from the general trend of the meaning system in the major parties in Judea in his time. According to Howard Kee, all the major parties in Judea listed by Josephus attempted to relate their community identity with the heritage of the prophetic promises of "the new covenant." The Sadducees defined their legacy of existence by their proper practice of cultus and priesthood according to the Levitical tradition. The Pharisees found the legacy of their community by preserving the purity and piety as the covenant people through study and their interpretation of the law within their community. In contrast, the Essenes, observing the official cultus in Jerusalem as corrupt and concerned with maintaining the undefiled covenant community, secluded themselves from society in expectation of the new age to come. They asked members' endurance of hard times in obedience to the law and in preservation of the purity of cultus within their own community. Very different from the other three, the fourth party, committed themselves to establishing in their own time the eschatological covenant community by military means.
Whatever their approaches might have been, the meanings of the existence of these groups evolved with respect to the socio-historical interpretation of the covenant. The concept of covenant common to Judaism as a whole is succinctly described by E. P. Sanders. He defines the concept of the new covenant in terms of the ultimate concern of the new covenant community: that is how any one belongs to a covenant community, which will be saved by God in the future. Thus, the covenant and future salvation constituted the core meaning system of groups in Judea around which Jewish apocalyptic and eschatological thought flourished.
Apocalyptic eschatology was formulated in "the components of continuity, of the hidden presence of the kingdom, and of history as a meaningful process" and ultimately in the expectation of God's vindication for the suffering of God's people by God's sending a messiah and in God's universal sovereign reign. It is no doubt that Paul's former meaning system was formulated along the line of the current trend of his time.
His letters written after the conversion experience, however, reflect a stark contrast to this meaning system. He identifies (1) Jesus Christ as the expected messiah of the Jews (Rom. 1:2-3), (2) the past Christ-event (culminating in his death and resurrection) as God's intervening visit (Rom. 8:31-39) fulfilled in Christ into the world, (3) Christ's parousia as a final victory of God for redemption of the world (Phil. 3:20-21) and thus "the apocalyptic consummation of history." In Paul the apocalyptic view of the covenant community is shifted from that of the Judaic, which is predominantly centered on hoping for God's historical intervening on behalf of God's community, to the new view, which is centered on enjoying now the already beginning of God's intervention through the event in Christ and hoping for fulfillment at Christ's parousia. The whole symbolic meaning system of his local Christian community is set up by Paul in terms of the Christ event and of the converts' experience, which is described in the frame of reference of "no longer," "now" or "already," and "not yet."
Before conversion no one, Jews and gentiles alike, is righteous under the power of sin (Rom. 3: 9-18), and all are deemed to judgment of God (Rom. 3:19) and death (Rom. 6:23). But after conversion, his local community becomes an eschatological community of the new covenant, which was established by means of Jesus' blood (I Cor. 11:25) and "already" enjoys freedom from sin in the Spirit, which is a guarantee for their complete freedom (at the consummation), though which is "not yet" at the present time, and they "no longer" walk in the flesh controlled by sin but rather walk in the Spirit for sanctification (Rom. 6:22; 8:13); finally all creatures are to be redeemed at Christ's parousia (Rom. 8:18-21). The Christian community is the new eschatological community walking in the Spirit for a sanctified life "between the times" hoping for the final redemption and consummation at Christ's parousia.
This world view for the meaning of Paul's life and for the meaning of his converts' community emerges through conversion. With this world view he faces various problems related to the implication of eschatology within his local communities.
Change of Social Role
The clearest picture of the change of his social role is seen in Paul's own description of his own life's mission formerly versus presently in Galatians 1. Formerly he has been a zealot for his Judaic religion and a persecutor of the Christians who claimed Jesus as the savior from sin. But now he is an apostle, proclaimer, and defender of Christ. In his conversion experience he has experienced the change of the social role in his life. His zeal for the advance of Christianity is widened toward every nation, tribe, and tongue by his overcoming the boundary of bigotry erected exclusively around the Judaic ritualistic ceremony of circumcision and the legalism in which the Mosaic law was to be kept.
He claims that this change has occurred by the revelation of Jesus Christ (Gal. 1: 12). Though we do not know the exact mode of revelation in Paul's experience, we do know that in the revelation he perceives the power of the gospel of grace and faith in and of Christ. He now sees God's cosmic plan in Christ for redeeming the world, the righteousness of God revealed in Christ apart from the law, the glory of the law of Moses as submerged in the glory of Christ and completed in Christ (II Cor. 3:9; Rom. 10:4), and finally the power of God to save. He now discovers the simplistic equation that anyone who confesses Christ will experience salvation (Rom. 10: 9-10), and in faith the barrier of Judaic racial and cultic chauvinism is broken down. Thus, Paul declares that there is no racial distinction in Christ (Gal. 3:28). Paul's perception of God's impartial consignment of all people to disobedience and under God's mercy (Rom. 11:30-32) leads him to transform the concept of election from a racial to the faith-oriented one.
Significance of Paul's Conversion
Paul's perception of the gospel as appropriate universally, with his heart burning by the constraining love of God (II Cor. 5:14), leads him to embrace a new social role in his life, as a proclaimer and defender of this gospel and builder of its course, in contrast to his old social role as a chauvinistic zealot of Judaism and persecutor of the gospel. His change of social role through conversion is a decisive element in the construction of the local community's conversion-identification. The Pauline visit to and activities in local cities produce new movements with a new social order of conversion in them. Patterns of social conduct before conversion--including social, economic, political, and religious conduct--are already formed by socialization and thus institutionalized for the people of the cities. The Pauline visit and activities, thus, have double tasks: on the one, to advance the dismantling of the already institutionalized social reality; on the other, to provide the converts with a model of conversion imitable and applicable in their typical social situation and with a new community of converts. With externalization, an objective reality of conversion is produced by Paul.
The externalization of the Pauline conversion is that Pauline activities are ipso facto an externalization of his identified role of conversion in the framework of his own biography, a fact which forces us to analyze Paul's own identification with his conversion particularly with respect to a social type. The fact that there is no precedence for such a model makes it the archetypal model for the people in the local cities to adopt as the objectified model of conversion, though the mode of expression of Paul's conversion role may differ according to the different ethos of each city.
The objective conversion reality produced by Paul's externalization becomes internalized as reality into the converts' subjective consciousness through socialization, and the internalized reality is expected to be externalized by them; that is the ultimate goal of maintenance of conversion. The externalized reality of conversion by the converts produces dialectically the institutionalized Christian order.
Concluding Comments
We have analyzed with the help of sociological concept of conversion what involves in Paul's conversion experience and tried to understand its significance in establishing the new converts' communities in the gentile territories. Throughout the process, some matters that merit attention have emerged.
First, the sociological concept of conversion proposed by Snow and Machalek can be adopted as a tool for settling down the debates among the scholars about the issue of Paul's radical experience as either conversion or call or both. In this study one may find that his experience should be regarded as conversion and the call of him as a proclaimer of the gospel as the produced inner-sense by reconstructing his own biography and embracing newly his master role, which are indicators of conversion as social type.
Second, his changed world view after conversion experience are the transformation of the traditional apocalyptic view of Judaism into the christological apocalyptic eschatolgy, which defines the present age as being in the between the times of the first and final parousia of Christ. Thus, his reconstructed biography is defined as heading toward the final attainment of resurrection at the parousia.
Third, his changed interpreting scheme formed with conversion is the radical shift from the scheme of the law and works for attaining the righteousness from God to the one of grace wrought through and in, and faith in and of Jesus Christ, which are relevant indiscriminately to all people, the Jews and the gentiles. Such a radical shift was the key factor for his inner sense of calling as the missionary for the gentiles and for his constructing the typified activity and the content of his preaching.
Finally, Paul's typified activity along with the content of his preaching produced the objective reality of conversion in the gentile territory and became the archetypal model to be imitated by the converts. The dialectic process of externalization of conversion reality by Paul and afterward by his converts constructs the institutionalized order of conversion in Paul's new religious movement.
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1. ´À½¼ÇÑ ±³¸®: Á¶´ëÁØÀÇ ÁöÀû°ú °°ÀÌ ºó¾ßµå´Â ¹ýº¸´Ùµµ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ °Á¶ÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö ½Å¾ÓÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ±³¸®Á¶Â÷µµ ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í °£´ÜÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. À̿Ͱ°Àº °á°ú·Î À̵éÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ Ç¥¸é»óÀ¸·Î´Â º¸¼ö½ÅÇаú ´Ù¸¦¹Ù ¾øÀÌ º¸À̳ª »ç½ÇÀº Áß´ëÇÑ ¿À·ù¿Í ¿ÀÇØ¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À§ÇèÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ Á¸ À«¹öÀÇ ½Å¾Ó¼ºÀå ¹è°æÀÌ °æ°ÇÁÖÀdzª ½ÅºñÁÖÀǽÅÇÐÀÇ ÁÖ°üÁÖÀÇÀû ¿µÇâÇÏ¿¡¼ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ ½Í´Ù.
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µå·¯Ä¿ [±è¿ë±¹ ¿ª], »õ·Î¿î ½ÃÀÛ. ¼¿ï:½Ã»ç¿µ¾î»ç, 1994.
¾Ùºó ÅäÇ÷¯ [±èÁø¿í ¿ª], Á¦ 3ÀÇ ¹°°á. ¼¿ï: ¹ü¿ì»ç, 1992.
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È«¼º±¹, "¼º°áÀÇ »çȸÀû ÀǹÌ," ¿þ½½·¹¾È ¸ñȸ °´Ü, Á¦ 2È£.
(¿µ¹®ÆÇ)
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Phone:(0333)655-8701¡5
(0333)655-7125¡9
FAX:(0333)54-1863
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Publisher :Ki Hung Cho
Editor :Kwang Hee Lee
Vol. 1. NO. 1, 1996
111 Yongyidong, Pyongtaekshi, Kyonggido 450-701, Korea.
Phone: (0333)655-8701¡5
(0333)655-7125¡9
FAX: (0333)54-1863
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Editorial : What is the direction of "The Gospel and Theology"
Kwang Hee Lee
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The Gospel of the Incarnation and Its Meaning for Salvation
Jong Hyuk Kim
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The Concept of Sanctification in Calvin's Soteriology
Joung Woo Yoo
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The Background of the Fall of Constantinople in 1453
Seung Min Joo
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Toward a Renewal of Korean Church Worship (¥°)
Kwang Hee Lee
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A Sociological View of Paul's Conversion
Sung Kook Hong
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An Evaluation of the Vineyard Movement from
the Perspective of Practical Theology
Kwang Hee Lee
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The Modernity and the Holiness Movement:
A New Exodus of the Modern Church
Sung Kook Hong
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